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1. Falls Risk Awareness Questionnaire
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The number of Fraternities and Sororities at the University of Minnesota is extensive. Approximately 11% of undergraduates, 3,400 students, participate in one of the 60 chapters of social fraternities or sororities at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus.^[1] Participation in affiliated groups associated with the Greek System such as honor, service and professional fraternities bring total Greek System affiliation figures significantly higher. Counting past and present, more than half of the University's 200 Greek organizations remain active today, the pioneers of which have had a presence on the University of Minnesota campus for over 145 years. The university's 'Greek System' includes professional fraternities, honor societies, service fraternities, and religious fraternities along with the highly visible residential undergrad academic and social chapters.

Members of the University of Louisiana at Monroe’s Pi Kappa Alpha. Pi Kappa Alpha chapter wins international Smythe award. Management, risk awareness.

A comprehensive list of chapters, past and present, segmented by category, follows this brief overview of what these societies are and how they evolved. References for each group show current and former property addresses either owned or leased. Contact information is provided via the references, where available.

The terms 'Fraternity' and 'Sorority' are used somewhat interchangeably, with men's and co-ed groups always using Fraternity, and women's groups using either Fraternity or Sorority.^[2] For convenience, the term 'Greek Letter Society' is a generic substitute. The word, 'Greek,' in this case refers to the use of Greek Letters for each society's name, and not to Greek ethnicity.

• 3Building Fraternity Row
• 5Criticism
  • 5.1Response to criticism
• 6Academic and social fraternities and sororities
• 7Honor, professional, service and recognition societies

Historical sketch[edit]

The University of Minnesota Greek system is over 145 years old, having grown steadily with the rapid growth of the University. Its first men's fraternity, Chi Psi, dates to 1874, and its first women's fraternity, Kappa Kappa Gamma, dates to 1880, long before the term 'sorority' was popularized as a term for the women's 'houses'.

Yet these pioneers did not themselves mark the beginnings of fraternal presence at the school. Many of Minnesota's early University presidents and department heads were fraternity men or women from 'back East,' having experienced undergraduate life in the flourishing literary societies and old line fraternities that in turn were born out of America's earliest institutions of higher learning. These include William Watts Folwell, the University's first president, who was a member of Alpha Delta Phi at Hobart College, Cyrus Northrop, who was an Alpha Sigma Phi at Yale,^[3]Ada Comstock, Dean of Women, and a member of Delta Gamma at Minnesota, president George Vincent who was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon at Yale, and president James Morrill who was also an Alpha Sigma Phi, at Ohio State.

Still, because Minnesota's is one of the oldest fraternity systems in the nation, many of the University's Greek chapters are consequently among the oldest of their respective organizations, and often have single-letter or first-series chapter names or designations. Similarly, the age, prestige, size and breadth of the University of Minnesota have resulted in its hosting many of the nation's honor and professional fraternities for most disciplines. As early as 1925, the Minnesota Gopher yearbook reported the presence of 25 national academic fraternities, 18 national academic sororities, and 33 national professional chapters on campus. Most of these, undergrad or professional, are (or were) residential.

Over 90 years later, as of 2017, Minnesota hosts 37 academic fraternities, 23 academic sororities, 61 honors societies, 31 professional societies, and 4 service- or religious-focused chapters.^[4]

Impact on campus, and population[edit]

Since inception, these organizations have delivered an outsized influence and benefit to the campus: A first indicator of this impact is the fact of hundreds of pages devoted to the myriad of Greek Letter organizations profiled in each issue of the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook during its century-long publication run.^[5] These organizations have served as a primary hub of the student experience at the University for their entire existence, for active members, regular guests and alumni.

The high water mark for Greek Life participation by percentage, indicated by review of senior photos and club membership, was in 1910 through 1920, when approximately 1/4 of undergraduates participated in one or more of the academic or professional societies.^[6] The peak number of residential chapters came at approximately 75 in 1930.^[7] While membership continued to expand into the 1930s, the membership percentage decreased as the Minnesota campus grew less residential. Through this period, interest in Greek chapter membership was not as strong among commuters, 'night class,' and non-traditional students. The Membership percentage of the overall undergraduate population reached a low point of 3% in the late 1960s. Later, an upturn resulted in a numeric peak that came during the early 1980s: In 1981 the Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life reported 3,100 net members, while 3,964 participated in 1984.^[7]:33 In a spike downturn coinciding with the economic recession of that era, participation hit a marked numeric low point in about 2005, but recovering to 1,795 active members in 2011 its population has continued increasing through to the present day. By mid-2014 participation included approximately 2,800 net undergraduate members, as reported in June of that year, reflecting about 8% of the undergraduate population and about 12% of 2013–14's incoming freshmen class.^[8][9] Noteworthy membership gains continue: by 2017, participation had increased to 3,400, or fully 11% of the campus undergraduate population, even prior to adding students in the professional chapters.^[1] Fifty-eight campus chapters are residential as of 2017.^[10]

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Building Fraternity Row[edit]

Minnesota's fraternities and sororities built up their housing prospects in three distinct phases, according to the 2003 Minneapolis Historical Commission Study.^[7] Before 1900, most early chapters served their membership with rented private homes. Between 1900 and 1917, rentals gave way to properties built for the chapters, resulting in several iconic examples of Beaux Arts, Georgian and Classical styles. Finally, between 1921 and 1936, Minnesota's fraternity chapters engaged in that same popular building spree which was sweeping across other early private and land grant colleges and universities from New York to California. The result of this last phase was the often stately homes occupied by many Greek chapters today, upgrades from boarding house-style clapboard and stucco homes, to the many Fraternity Row mansions that are visible at Minnesota along University Avenue SE, on 4th and 5th Street SE, and the 10th Avenue 'Sorority Row,' all in Minneapolis. Similarly, the St. Paul campus is home to several stately chapter buildings, or chapterhouses, along Cleveland Avenue. It is a testament to the alumni of many of these chapters that their buildings survived, as so many were financed by the 1920s financial bubble, having endured weak membership eras during the Great Depression and then the twin turmoils of WWII and 1960s anti-establishment unrest. Past university yearbooks, now digitally available, often picture these buildings, some with addresses and photos or professionally crafted etchings. A final wave of chapter building, usually in the Modernist style, occurred during the period 1950 to 1973.^[7]:17

Greek societies also provide a visible link with the past. Residential Greek chapters have been cited as architectural gems, 'projecting a positive image through architecture, and setting an architectural standard for more than a century.'^[11] Important examples of period architecture include Tudor with half-timber, Georgian and Federal variants of the American Colonial style, Vienna secessionist, English Gothic, Elizabethan or Georgian, and more recently, International Modernist styles. While many of these buildings are significant, enough to warrant the City of Minneapolis declaring the area a Greek Letter Chapter House Historical District in 2003, a few examples should be noted:

• Fiji's Mu Sigma Chapter (Vienna secessionist, Arts and Crafts offshoot)

• ΓΗΓ's Minnesota Chapter (Richardsonian Revival, elements of Queen Anne)

• ΘΤ's Alpha Chapter (International modernist style)

• ΦΚΨ's Minnesota Beta Chapter (Georgian and Greek Revival)

• ΚΚΓ's Chi Chapter (English Tudor, influenced by Arts and Crafts)

• Phi Gamma Delta (FIJI) was one of the earliest-built Row mansions, exhibiting the Vienna secessionist style, an offshoot of the Arts and Crafts movement.^[12]
• Gamma Eta Gamma (ΓΗΓ) law fraternity is a smaller example of Richardsonian Revival, perhaps with Queen Anne elements.
• Theta Tau (ΘΤ), an engineering fraternity, is an example of the International Modernist style.
• Chi Psi (ΧΨ) is an exceptional variant of an English Tudor country house, 'built to convey masculine dignity and prestige.'
• Phi Sigma Kappa (ΦΣΚ) is an Elizabethan-revival Tudor, noted as a 'romantic-era masterpiece.'
• Sigma Phi Epsilon (ΣΦΕ), built by B.O. Cutter and restored by Phi Delta Theta fraternity, this 'gingerbread' home is a showcase of the Carpenter Gothic revival style.^[13]
• Phi Kappa Psi (ΦΚΨ) combines elements of Georgian and Greek revival styles.
• Kappa Kappa Gamma (ΚΚΓ) offers a 'dramatic and striking' mix of the English Tudor style, influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement popular at the time of its construction.'^[11]

These and many other Minnesota chapterhouses exhibit exceptional elements of their architectural styles. The owners, often the same entities that built these homes, have maintained them in spite of age, sometimes hard use and the financial strain of student organizations that can ebb and flow in popularity. Addresses may be found in the footnotes for these chapters, where they are listed below. Most style descriptions courtesy of the referenced Architecture Minnesota article.^[11]

Constrained somewhat by busy University Avenue and 4th Street, expansion of Greek housing has been discussed at several points. The 2003 Zellie study, cited among the references, notes that there had been planned a 'Fraternity Court' in the early 1920s.^[7]:28 This stately road was to have been on the site where Williams Arena was later built, to host a number of new buildings between 19th Avenue and Oak Street. This plan conflicted with the University's own development plan for the basketball arena though, and the Fraternity Court was not built, with the exception of the ΑΧΡ house that later was owned by ΧΦ, then leased by ΚΣ, and in fall 2016 bought by ΘΧ. In the 1960s, an early phase plan for a fraternity housing area on the river flats below the Washington Avenue Bridge was discussed. This plan did not materialize beyond the discussion stage. More recently, Community Student Housing Inc. (CSHI), a consortium of several fraternities, has discussed building shared dormitory space and new house fronts on up to four blocks between University and 4th Street.^{[citation needed]}

Loss of original or long-term Greek properties[edit]

Late 1950s construction of highway 35W resulted in condemnation of multiple fraternity homes bordering what was 9th Avenue SE, many of which were sororities or professional fraternities.^[14] In Stadium Village, several stately houses along Washington Avenue SE were lost to commercial development. More recently, restrictive zoning has both helped and harmed chapters, where economics of scale no longer allow viability without remodeling, expansion or additional parking.^[15] Some chapters celebrate their buildings' local historic zone status,^[16] which has slowed the pace of demolition, while others see this as a cost burden.^[17] Nevertheless, some chapter buildings have been lost to multi-unit development, or have been sold to non-Greek buyers. A few examples of still-existing former Greek properties should be noted. Market forces may allow some of these to become available to Greek ownership again:

• Delta Delta Delta (ΔΔΔ) sorority built the structure at 316 10th Avenue SE in 1917, owning it until at least 2004. The building is now occupied by Luther House, a Christian service group affiliated with the Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod. The adjacent building, 314 10th Avenue SE, was home to ΑΦ, then ΚΑΘ, then ΤΚΕ, before being purchased by ΔΔΔ around 1961.
• Theta Chi (ΘΧ) fraternity built the structure at 315 16th Avenue SE in 1930, owning it until at least 2000, and which was later purchased by a private party. It was renovated as a coffee house and boarding house and is leased by Kappa Pi Alpha (ΚΠΑ) Christian fraternity.
• Psi Upsilon (ΨΥ) fraternity built the structure at 1721 University Avenue SE, owning it from 1908 to 1941. The Student Co-op was established during WWII and has been resident in that property ever since.
• Tau Kappa Epsilon (ΤΚΕ) fraternity built the structure at 1901 University Avenue SE, owning it from 1925 to 1938. In 1982 it was purchased by the YMCA, who sold it to the University in 2000.^[18]
• Chi Omega (ΧΩ) sorority was a long-term owner of the structure at 315 Tenth Avenue SE, owning it from 1928 until at least 1989. Originally built by Zeta Psi (ΖΨ) fraternity, the structure is now owned by the Maranatha Church.
• Acacia fraternity owned 1206 Fifth Street SE from 1915 until at least 1968. It had been occupied and then owned by the Heart of the Earth survival school, associated with the American Indian Movement, since 1980. In 2013 the building was purchased by a private developer for residential housing.^[19]
• Kappa Delta (ΚΔ) sorority owned 1025 6th Street SE for almost 50 years, a property now rented out for general student housing.
• Alpha Delta Pi (ΑΔΠ) sorority built 1000 5th Street SE in 1952, occupying it until their closure in 1987. The building was sold to the Unification Church (the 'Moonies'). This property has reverted to Greek ownership in 2017, with purchase by Kappa Sigma.
• Kappa Sigma (ΚΣ) fraternity lived at 1125 5th Street SE for over 75 years, moving in 2002. Their former building is now a day care.
• Alpha Xi Delta (ΑΞΔ) sorority owned 1115 5th Street SE for almost 40 years. It later was occupied by Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, and was sold to a private owner to become a Bed & breakfast.

These are examples. Other significant properties along University Avenue, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Streets SE, and the adjacent avenues were once home to Greek chapters and are now in private hands. A search of this page lists addresses where chapters once existed.

Future housing prospects[edit]

The need to improve and expand Greek chapter housing is a priority for fraternities and sororities at Minnesota.^[9]:70 A 2012 University task force report showed that one of the biggest challenges faced by the present Greek System is the occasionally degraded state of chapter buildings.^[9]:78–81 Owned privately by not-for-profit alumni associations, some of these show signs of deferred maintenance. Several recent remodeling and renovation programs have allowed significant improvement to some chapters, including recent full renovations by Chi Psi, Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Phi Sigma Kappa, along with completely rebuilt houses for Alpha Gamma Rho and FarmHouse. Lack of housing for fraternity and sororities, a community now grown to 15% of the student population in 2017 according to the OFSL, remains a hurdle that new groups must overcome. This dearth is only partially remedied by the opening of the new (2013) 17th Avenue Freshman Dorm. This particular project has allowed two ground level rental suites along University Avenue for chapters new to campus, intended to serve as a long-term incubator.^[8]

The Minneapolis City Council approved a number of zoning changes that relaxed restrictions on Greek ownership and renovation of properties near campus in action taken on 28 April 2017. Specific code changes include:

Increases the maximum height of chapter buildings from 2.5 stories to 4.

Removes the requirement that a house may not 'serve' more than 32 people, due largely to the uncertainty of the definition of 'serve'.

Allows on-site services to be used by all members or guests.

Allows Greek chapters to acquire properties not previously used as Greek housing.

Reduces minimum lot area from 10,000 square feet to 5,000 square feet.

For a more extensive review of Greek Row buildings, past and present, see the University of Minnesota Greek Letter Chapter House Designation Study, as prepared for the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission in 2003.^[7][20]

Greek chapter oversight[edit]

Individual chapters are managed by elected officers. Incorporated alumni groups own the residential chapter buildings where they exist, serving in the role of property manager. Additional local alumni oversight varies by chapter. National organizations provide organizational and operational guidance, extending to disciplinary action where warranted. In partnership with national organizations, University oversight of the Academic and Social chapters is managed on a day-to-day basis by the Office for Fraternity and Sorority Life, a unit of the Office for Student Affairs.

Professional and Honor societies are coordinated at a lower level of administrative involvement by the various academic departments within the University and its several colleges, and of these, some operate merely cooperatively, with no involvement from the University at all.

Since gaining its first chapter in 1874, Minnesota administrators have maintained an open, if not always supportive relationship with its chapters^{[citation needed]}. An impulse to exert administrative management on these highly visible registered student organizations has at times been offset by interest in limiting liability exposure where it could be claimed that the administration was responsible but did not do enough to prevent an unsafe or illegal occurrence. Minnesota's Greek System has, on balance, avoided the frequency of harmful events, as have occurred at other large schools; this primarily as the result of self-policing.^[8][21] The original, more active relationship between the Greeks and the Administration had been marginalized somewhat after the turbulent late 1960s and during the lassaiz-faire commuter-student years of 1970–90. This coincided with national scrutiny and bad publicity over hazing events elsewhere in the US. With the return to a more residential campus, both the Minnesota Greek System and its relationship with the University are thriving: An estimated 2,800 Greeks on campus participate in 58 separate undergraduate Academic and Social chapters.^[8] In addition, Professional and honor societies, many accepting undergraduates, number more than 80. Because of this and other factors, the University is again improving its relationship with the Greek Community:

In March 2012, President Kaler announced the formation of a Greek Community Strategic Task Force (GCSTF) and issued a Charge to the GCSTF Steering Committee which emphasized the need to develop a 'sustainable and robust relationship between the University and the Greek community.'^[9]

Criticism[edit]

Over the decades, Minnesota's Greek system, like others nationwide, has had its detractors. Most notably in the late 1960s, anti-establishment agitation resulted in decreased interest and participation. This negative environment abated with the end of the Vietnam War. While membership again surged beginning in the late 1970s, the campus population was swelling even faster. While hitting numeric highs, Greeks at Minnesota thus never achieved the pre-Vietnam era participation level as a percentage of the campus. For some, Greeks were 'too exclusive.' Commuting students may have had little occasion to socialize with them on the largely non-residential campus. Some students chafed at overt culture differences where Prep-era Greek men would wear blazers and ties to Monday meetings. Occasional surveys of detractors would declare a perception that membership was akin to buying friends.^[22] For others, it was simply a monetary concern, with a reluctance to include fraternity or sorority dues into a tight college budget.^[22] The hugely popular movie, 'Animal House' also branded for a generation the image of a lethargic, disruptive and academically inferior 'frat boy' on the national consciousness.^[23]

Response to criticism[edit]

Fixing problems[edit]

Greek organizations both nationally and locally sponsor many risk avoidance programs for the real benefits of student safety and well-being, as well as to avoid harmful bad publicity. Hence, these organizations have learned to address criticism quickly: Chapters and national bodies have adopted extensive changes to reduce incidents of hazing and other harmful behaviors. The recent announcement by Sigma Alpha Epsilon to ban 'pledging' nationwide is only the latest of such announcements, of revised prospective member programs now adopted by many fraternities.^[24] While not limited to fraternities and sororities, harmful activities like underage drinking and hazing are often headlined as local news stories, with fraternity chapters as the most visible examples.^[25] In this area too, active and alumni Greek leaders have responded to such negative publicity and the resulting criticism with programs that seek to reduce alcohol abuse and eliminate underage or binge drinking, with risk management training, by self-policing their own chapters, and with more stringent procedures to discipline offenders. All sororities and some fraternity chapters have banned alcohol in their living facilities. National fraternities, through the NIC and sororities through their national and local governing boards require member training each year to combat hazing, underage drinking, sexual assault and other harmful behaviors.^[26] Hence, individual chapters are not alone in addressing these problems. Inter-chapter governing boards at Minnesota (listed below by chapter groupings) provide event monitoring services and local risk management training, culminating in the introduction in 2012 of Arkeo, which serves as an inter-Greek cooperative monitoring program to help chapters avoid risk.^[27][28]

Response to perceptions[edit]

As to the financial cost of participation, fraternity leaders note that the vast majority of Greek students work their way through school.^[28] In fact, the Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life claims that the average cost burden for fraternity chapter membership adds 3% to a student budget, and may indeed be less costly on a net basis when factoring reduced summer rents and lower live-in costs versus dorms and private apartments. Finally, the Minnesota campus is markedly more residential than thirty years ago. Development of over a dozen large for-profit private dorms and many upgraded apartments has increased the average quality and quantity of near-campus housing and has increased their average expense. The result has been that fraternities and sororities, previously perceived as among the more expensive housing options now range from 'in line with' or even lower than the average cost of dorms or apartments.^[29][30]

Addressing the claim of exclusivity in recruitment materials, Greek leaders will accept that label as another way of saying they promote high standards. All fraternities are by definition self-selective. But, they clarify, so are all friendships. Further, they state, 'U' students all have passed a bar of exclusivity by getting into the increasingly selective University itself. With an array of student groups numbering in the thousands, and a multitude of Greek chapter personalities, fraternity and sorority proponents are confident that all students who wish to join a Greek society can find one where they can flourish.^[28] The matter of religious and race exclusivity appears to have passed several generations ago: While some chapters are historically black, Hispanic, or Asian-oriented, there is no race exclusivity or other discrimination exclusivity in any of Minnesota's chapters. All are integrated, and have been for some time. Minnesota was the second Big Ten school (after Wisconsin) to see its fraternities and sororities drop all bias clauses (race, color or creed) from their bylaws and policies. Older chapters have been integrated since the 1950s and 1960s^[7] and the multi-cultural Greek chapters since their founding in more recent years.^[31]

Benefits to student and campus[edit]

Greek society participation was strongly correlated with a more positive student experience in a study conducted by the Student Organization Development Center in 1987.^[32] In 2017, the 60 current chapters of the Inter-fraternity Council, Pan-Hellenic Council, Multicultural Greek Council and National Panhellenic Council provided 30,000 hours of volunteering in the surrounding community. The organizations also provide fundraising for various organizations in 2017 groups raised $200,000 for various causes.^[1]

Community Standards Housing Inc. was incorporated by several chapters to improve Greek Housing. While CSHI's proposed Greek Village development for the 1700 block of University Avenue was not adopted in 2011, in March 2012, University President Kaler followed up on his promise at that time with formation of a Greek Community Strategic Task Force (GCSTF), with the Charge to the group that 'emphasized the need to develop a sustainable and robust relationship between the University and the Greek community.' He stated, '[The Greeks] get better grades, graduate sooner, and give more money to the University.'^{[citation needed]} Under his direction, the UM Foundation has been collecting data on Greek participation for all students, a data point that had been only sporadically kept prior to 2012.^[9]

Academic and social fraternities and sororities[edit]

For brevity, the sections below make extensive use of Greek letters, one of the first items in a new member's instruction program. Most fraternities use two or three Greek letters to signify their symbolic or secret names; a few use non Greek words.^[33] The main listing for each fraternity or sorority shows their full name at least once, with references and Wikilinks as available.

Fraternities constituting the Interfraternity Council (IFC)[edit]

Listed with dates of local founding and national conference membership, these are men's organizations at the University of Minnesota, voluntarily coordinating their efforts within the campus IFC. While most IFC chapters are based in Minneapolis, several call St. Paul their home. After a period of level membership, for various reasons, fraternity membership is increasing rapidly. Average chapter size is 50, and several chapters exceed 100 men.

Fraternity buildings are generally owned by chapter alumni organizations. Some chapters are non-residential, while a few rent or lease space.

As part of IFC or national organization self-governance, or University disciplinary action, chapters may be suspended ('de-recognized') or closed for a time. When a chapter is closed and/or forfeits its housing, it will be listed as a dormant chapter. See the Office for Fraternity and Sorority Life (OFSL) for current recognized IFC members.
(NIC) indicates members of the North-American Interfraternity Conference.
(PFA) indicates members of the Professional Fraternity Association.

Active academic and social fraternity chapters at Minnesota

• ΧΨChi Psi, 1874 (NIC)^{[7][34][35][36][pic1]}
• ΦΔΘPhi Delta Theta, 1881–1994, 2010^[37][38][39]
• ΔΤΔDelta Tau Delta, 1883 (NIC)^[40][36]
• ΦΚΨPhi Kappa Psi, 1888 (NIC)^{[41][36][pic1]}
• ΣΧSigma Chi, 1888 (NIC)^[42][43][36]
• ΒΘΠBeta Theta Pi, 1889 (NIC)^[44][45][36]
• ΔΚΕDelta Kappa Epsilon, 1889 (NIC)^[46][36]
• ΦΓΔPhi Gamma Delta (FIJI), 1890 (NIC)^{[12][47][48][36]}
• ΑΔΦAlpha Delta Phi, 1892–1996, 2000 (NIC)^{[49][50][51][36]}
• ΔΧDelta Chi, 1892 (NIC)^[52]
• ΖΨZeta Psi, 1899–1982, 1987–2007, 2016 (NIC)^[53][54]
• ΚΣKappa Sigma, 1901^{[39][55][36][pic1]}
• ΑΤΩAlpha Tau Omega, 1902 (NIC)^[56][57][36]
• ΣΑΕSigma Alpha Epsilon, 1902 (NIC)^[58][36]
• ΣΝSigma Nu, 1904 (NIC)^[59][36]
• ΦΣΚPhi Sigma Kappa, 1910 (NIC)^{[60][61][62][36][pic1]}
• ΑΦΑAlpha Phi Alpha, 1912 (NPHC & NIC)^[63]
• ΣΑΜSigma Alpha Mu, 1915 (NIC)^[64]
• ΦΚΣPhi Kappa Sigma, 1916–43, 2013 (NIC)^[65][36]
• ΑΣΦAlpha Sigma Phi Colony, 1916–35, 2013 (NIC)^[66]
• ΣΦΕSigma Phi Epsilon, 1916–41, 1949–58, 1978 (NIC)^{[67][68][pic1]}
• ΑΓΡAlpha Gamma Rho, 1917 (NIC & PFA)^[69][70]
• ΤΚΕTau Kappa Epsilon, 1917–40?, 1948–63, 1979–87, 2014^{[39][71][pic1]}
• ΠΚΑPi Kappa Alpha, 1922–36, 1986–2000, 2006 (NIC)^[72]
• Triangle, 1922 (NIC)^[73]
• ΔΥDelta Upsilon, 1890–1986, 1991-2017, 2018 (NIC)^[74][75]
• ΘΧTheta Chi, 1924–2000, 2013 (NIC)^{[76][36][pic1]}
• FHFarmHouse, 1931 (NIC)^[77][78]
• ΑΕΠAlpha Epsilon Pi, 1949–73, 2004 (NIC)^[79][80][81]
• ΣΠSigma Pi, 2008 (NIC)^[82]

Chapters whose names changed

Dormant fraternity chapters

Sororities constituting the Panhellenic council (PHC)[edit]

Listed with dates of local founding and national conference membership, these are women's organizations, voluntarily coordinating their efforts within the PHC. For convenience, the term 'sorority' is used throughout, though some of these organizations are 'women's Fraternities,' and were so named prior to the popularization of the term, sorority. The terms are synonymous, After a period of level membership representing about 3% of campus women, for various reasons, sorority membership is increasing rapidly. Chapter size in almost all cases now exceeds 120 women.

Interest and recruitment is strong enough that, in 2013, the University of Minnesota was opened to PHC expansion for the first time in 30 years, and the resulting two colonization efforts (welcoming Chi Omega and Phi Mu) occurred in 2013 and 2016, respectively.

Sorority properties are generally owned by a chapter's alumni club, though some chapters do not have housing, and others rent or lease space. As part of PHC or national organization self-governance, or University disciplinary action, chapters may be suspended ('de-recognized') or closed for a time. If a chapter is closed and/or forfeits its housing, it will be listed as a dormant chapter. See the Office for Fraternity and Sorority Life (OFSL) for current PHA members and for expansion support.
(NPC) indicates members of the National Panhellenic Conference.

Active academic and social sorority chapters

Chapters whose name changed

Multicultural (MGC) and national Panhellenic councils (NPHC)[edit]

Originally ethnic or language-affiliated, these organizations are now fully integrated – as are Minnesota's general Greek letter organizations. Their historical affiliation may be reviewed by reading their local or national histories. Some of the men's groups also participate in IFC events, and the women's groups in PHC events.

MGC and NPHC chapters are non-residential. The inter-Greek councils often cooperate on programs and policies, as do individual chapters from among the several Greek councils.

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Listed with dates of local founding and national conference membership, these are either men's or women's organizations, voluntarily coordinating their efforts within the larger Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) and for some, in the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC). See the Office for Fraternity and Sorority Life (OFSL) for current MGC and NPHC chapters.
(NALFO) indicates members of the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations;
(NAPA) indicates members of the National APIA Panhellenic Association;
(NPHC) indicates members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council.

Honor, professional, service and recognition societies[edit]

Honorific, professional and service organizations have a similarly long history of activity on the University of Minnesota campus. They are currently not grouped with the social fraternities and sororities.^[1] However, some also associate with social fraternities and societies. They may also use of chapter and national organizational hierarchy, and their use of Greek Letters as identification. Some of these are populated by graduate students, a few exclusively so. As a rule, the honor and professional societies focus on specific academic, professional or service missions. Historically too there has been significant crossover and cooperation between types; some professional societies have revised themselves into non-residential honor groups. In contrast, several professional organizations have gone the other direction to conference among the academic and social chapters.^[199] But most remain oriented toward senior students (including 3rd and 4th year students) and graduate students. Social/academic fraternity or sorority membership is not a requirement for these groups. Individuals who meet a group's criteria may join or be 'tapped,' or asked to join, as may non-Greek students. Multiple affiliations may be allowable as membership is frequently not exclusive to one group - see individual societies for details. Activity varies; some of the professional and service groups are residential, while the honors societies may meet only quarterly or annually, if at all. The cut-off line where any campus organization falls within these headings or without is by long-established convention; those formed prior to 1990 are listed under the subheadings used by various volumes of the Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, which for more than a century has been the data source of record for such organizations. Newer groups have been placed in categories similar to Baird's. The latest version of Baird's, 1991, was published before the national development of some of the societies here, and therefore, position and inclusion is, in some cases, assumptive.^[49]

Honor and recognition societies[edit]

Honor societies recognize students who excel academically or as leaders among their peers, usually within a specific academic discipline. Because of the age, size and research focus of the University of Minnesota, it hosts a wide variety of these organizations. Members commonly include the society on their résumé/CV, which may serve to bolster grad school acceptance, publishing merit, and professional opportunities.

Listed by date of local founding with national conference membership, these are co-ed, non-residential, achievement-based organizations which self-select members based on published criteria.

At graduation, or at times of formal academic processionals, graduates, administrators, PhD holders and post-doctoral fellows wear academic robes in the colors of their degree, school and other distinction, according to a voluntary Intercollegiate Code that governs customs such as formal academic regalia. In addition, various colored devices such as stoles, scarfs, cords, tassels, and medallions are used to indicate membership in a student's honor society; cords and mortarboard tassels are most common. Phi Beta Kappa, the first honor society, locally founded at Minnesota in 1892, has used Pink and Sky blue since its national founding in 1776. Hence, students tapped for ΦΒΚ may wear tassels or other society-approved items, in these colors. Like most schools, the University of Minnesota allows such regalia for honor society members. Stoles are less common, but they are used by a few honor societies. In academic circles, colors are well-known, and follow long-standing protocols. The ACHS website lists the colors for their 68 member organizations, and the Honor society WP page lists others.

Many honor societies invite students to become members based on scholastic rank (the top x% of a class) and/or grade point, either overall, or for classes taken within the discipline for which the honor society provides recognition. In cases where academic achievement would not be an appropriate criterion for membership, other standards are required for membership (such as completion of a particular ceremony or training program). These societies recognize past achievement. Pledging is not required, and new candidates may be immediately inducted into membership after meeting predetermined academic criteria and paying a one-time membership fee. Some require graduate enrollment. Because of their purpose of recognition, most honor societies will have much higher academic achievement requirements for membership than professional societies. It is also common for a scholastic honor society to add a criterion relating to the character of the student. Some honor societies are invitation only while others allow unsolicited applications. Finally, membership in an honor society might be considered exclusive, i.e., a member of such an organization cannot join other honor societies representing the same field. Governance requires a faculty sponsor and each society remains faculty-guided, usually with alumni input.
(ACHS) indicates members of the Association of College Honor Societies.

Active honor and recognition societies

Chapters whose name changed

Professional societies[edit]

Professional societies work to build friendship bonds among members, cultivate strengths whereby members may promote their profession, and provide mutual assistance in their shared areas of professional study.

Listed by date of local founding with national conference membership (if any), these are primarily co-ed organizations, showing an array of professional interests. Some are residential in a co-operative fashion and all offer a moderate amount of social programming. Membership in a professional fraternity may be gained by the result of a pledge process, much like a social fraternity, and members are expected to remain loyal and active in the organization for life. Within their professional field of study, membership is exclusive; for example, if one joins a law society they cannot join another law society. However, these societies do initiate members who belong to social or honors fraternities. Professional Societies are known for networking and post-collegiate involvement, and membership is often included with pride on a résumé/CV. Governance varies from faculty-managed to purely student run.
(PFA) indicates members of the Professional Fraternity Association.

Active professional societies

Chapters whose name changed

Service societies[edit]

Listed with dates of local founding and national conference membership, if any, these are/were non-residential organizations designed to provide campus and community service. These organizations are self-governed.

Religious-themed fraternities and sororities[edit]

Primarily active during the 1940s and 1950s, these groups were formed in response to student interest in Greek life for those who required a closer association with peers of the same faith tradition. Some were local organizations, some national. Some were residential, and all were co-ed unless noted. Note that some religious-themed and residential fraternities and sororities are listed under the Academic and Social groups by their choice. Many other religious-oriented groups on campus are NOT designed to resemble fraternities, and are not listed here. Groups are listed by date of local founding.

Other student organizations[edit]

The 2013–14 University of MinnesotaStudent Group search page included over 1,100 unique organizations. Major groupings include Greek-affiliation societies as listed on this page, which are further subdivided into academic/social, honors, professional societies, service groups, or recognition groups.

References[edit]

For active groups, stable chapter website links have been referenced when available. Alternatively, either a national website or the group's University of Minnesota portal has been noted, which, in turn, may provide contact information and/or a link to a current organization website as reported annually at the time of the group's registration. Student groups are required to register each year, making the University of Minnesota portal page a convenient place to find up-to-date contact information.

Where an address is noted these are from (A) Minnesota Gopher yearbooks dated 1888–1967, (B) chapter websites, (C) national organization websites, (D) The Conservancy website, showing annual Student Organization Directories, or (E) the Zellie Fraternity Row study for the City of Minneapolis Historical Preservation Commission, cited below.

1. ^ ^abcdStatistics according to the 2017 OFSL View Book, p.18, accessed 10 Nov 2017. See also Regent minutes from March 2018 docket, p.27, referencing Greek participation, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
2. ^ ^abThere is one exception to this usage rule, where normally, men's and co-ed groups call themselves 'fraternities.' The music sorority Tau Beta Sigma is co-educational and its male and female members are members of the sorority.
3. ^Contrary to persistent but understandable misinformation, President Northrop was NOT an Alpha Delt, but an Alpha Sig. Rather, it was Northrop's son, Cyrus JUNIOR who was a member of Alpha Delta Phi, this time at the Minnesota chapter. See ΑΔΦ's national history, p.392. Accessed 11 June 2014
4. ^Per the University of Minnesota, multiple sources, including the Gopherlink directory of student organizations. Note that the distinctions may blur: One academic sorority is Christian-themed, whereas a new Jewish sorority prefers to be listed as religious, versus academic in nature. The fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha is listed among both the NIC fraternities and the NPHC chapters.
5. ^The yearbook ended annual full-format publication in 1966. After a long hiatus with a couple of false starts, a revived full-format version is planned for 2015, to be published by Jostens. Link accessed 28 May 2014
6. ^See any Minnesota Gopher Yearbook during this decade, which list the names of senior class members and the clubs to which they belonged.
7. ^ ^abcdefghiCarole Zellie (2003). 'University of Minnesota Greek Letter Chapter House Designation Study, prepared for the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission'. Author's firm: Landscape Research, St. Paul, MN: 3–4 of 180, and cited throughout by Appendix chapter entry.
8. ^ ^abcdThe University of Minnesota / Office for Fraternity and Sorority Life annual reportArchived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 27 May 2014
9. ^ ^abcdefghGreek Community Strategic Task Force Report, 16 December 2012Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 9 June 2014.
10. ^This number includes both Minneapolis and St. Paul collegiate chapter housing, counting residential Academic and Social fraternities and sororities, the Evans Scholars honor society, residentialProfessional societies and ΚΠΑ religious service society. Several chapters maintain two buildings.
11. ^ ^abcBruce N. Wright (November–December 1994). Eric Kudalis (ed.). 'School Days'. Architecture Minnesota: 24–27.
12. ^ ^abFIJI maintains a policy for its members that severely limits display of its Greek letters to a handful of approved usages, such as their official ring, chapter plaques and memorial markers. When originally written, this article omitted FIJI's Greek letters, in respect for that tradition. However, another editor adamantly pressed that Wikipedia is not bound by that rule, and for consistency with other pages has adjusted the entry to use Greek letters.
13. ^This building changed hands several times during the 1990s. It had been occupied by ΘΔΧ (Theta Delta Chi), a chapter that went dormant in 1984. Neighboring Phi Delt purchased the property and remodeled it extensively but were unable to sell their previous home, an International Modernist building that has now been replaced by The Cluster. Due to the financial burden and other factors, Phi Delt closed ten years later. The restored B.O. Cutter building was purchased by Sigma Phi Epsilon who themselves had failed to purchase their historic home at 1617 University Avenue SE when that property was acquired by next door Sigma Chi. These summary notes are from the previously referenced Zellie study.
14. ^Highway 35W itself now follows the exact path of what was 9th Avenue SE through this neighborhood. It had run where the median between the north and southbound sides of the highway run today, from roughly 2nd Street SE to 8th Street SE, having absorbed the higher numbered portion of the 800 blocks of the streets crossing it, and the lower numbered addresses on the 900 blocks of these streets. For example, the previous building that stands where now ΑΧΩ is situated, at 915 University Ave. SE, once had a tennis court extending on its property exactly where the highway frontage road and entrance/exit ramps now run. Researchers can infer the original street grid and view how the highway was situated with a Google maps search.
15. ^Lack of parking was an acute problem for students of earlier decades, regularly cited as a leading complaint in student surveys. The University is more residential today, and its remaining commuters increasingly use mass transit, whereas earlier generations of commuters relied on automobiles at a higher percentage. This follows a generational trend according to USPIRG, in an article accessed 8 May 2015.
16. ^For example, FIJI's acceptance of U.S. National Register of Historic Places status.
17. ^Extensive testimony on this subject was provided pursuant to the creation in October 2003 of the University of Minnesota Greek Letter Chapter House Historic District, in public meetings of the Heritage Preservation Commission and the Minneapolis City Council between May–October 2003.
18. ^In 2000 the 'Y' moved just down the street to 1801 University, after completion of a new building that replaced a large clapboard home there. This property, too, represented a loss to Greek housing, as the former building had been the Pi Kappa Alpha (ΠΚΑ) annex, and which was sold after a short term cessation of their operations in the late 1990s. 1901 University today houses the departments of Global Programs, the Minnesota International Center, and the School of Kinesiology, according to YMCA history and the University directory, accessed 17 March 2015
19. ^Restored in 2014, developer Roman Gadaskin renovated this building and the adjacent Hoy Building into multiunit housing for a total of 23 bedrooms, according to City planning minutes, accessed 15 March 2015.
20. ^City of Minneapolis Historic District web link, accessed 26 June 2014
21. ^Hank Nuwer's list of global hazing incidents does not show Minnesota among its extensive list of 'troubled' schools, accessed 27 May 2014
22. ^ ^abGreek Action Committee Recruitment survey, 1984, IFC archives, accessed 16 June 2014
23. ^'Animal House' - Hugely popular, this movie was a National Lampoon parody of writer Chris Miller's experiences at 1960s-era Dartmouth. on IMDb
24. ^Sigma Alpha Epsilon Bans Pledging Nationwide In Effort To Stop Hazing, as reported by the Huffington Post's Tyler Kingkade on 11 March 2014, accessed 11 June 2014
25. ^Studies show that underage and binge drinking are more prevalent nationally among student athletes, Greek system members, and organization members, with the most significant grouping less affected by the problem being commuter students that live at home. See the Center for Science in the Public Interest: fact sheetArchived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2 July 2014 and the Association of College Unions International, and their 2012 analysis by Elizabeth Atwood, accessed 2 July 2014, for further reference.
26. ^NIC Standards statement accessed 21 Nov 2018.
27. ^State of the Greek Community, 2013 ReportArchived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 11 June 2014
28. ^ ^abcOffice for Fraternity and Sorority Life risk management statement on 'Defying the Stereotypes'Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 12 June 2014
29. ^StarTrib article on resurgence of interest in Greek Life, accessed 4 Sept 2016
30. ^For reference, see the 2016 Interfraternity Council recruitment book, p.8. The book examines Sept-May average costs of living in a fraternity house of $6,544 (which includes room and board, fees, meals, utilities, social expenses, etc.) to the cost for similar double-occupancy dorm living of $8,100 which includes 14 meals and utilities, but no social fees or parking. These average expenses both compare favorably to living in a private apartment with an average cost of $10,056, which does not include meals, parking or social events, and which requires a sublease if the apartment is vacated during the summer months. Sorority living expenses may be higher, with increased services. For further analysis of these costs, see University Housing Services. The analysis is more involved than can be fully treated here due to space limitations.
31. ^The University Department of Equal Opportunity requires all members of University communities to adhere to this standard, but has not seen a need for intervention in Minnesota's fully integrated community of Greek chapters. Accessed 11 June 2014
32. ^Harrold, R., et. al. 'The Greek Experience: A Study of Fraternities and Sororities at the University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: Student Organization Development Center, 1987
33. ^Within NIC fraternities, there are three which have adopted non-Greek letter names: Acacia, FarmHouse, and Triangle. No NPC sororities use non-Greek letter names, nor do any of the multicultural or NPHC groups. However, the non-NPC sorority Clovia on the St. Paul campus does have a non-Greek letter name, as do several professional, honor and religious national organizations.
34. ^ΧΨ's Alpha Nu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
35. ^ΧΨ's Alpha Nu Chapter, accessed 19 May 2014. Address in 1883: 1515 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day. Three ΧΨ houses - which the Fraternity calls 'Lodges' - have been on this same lot, the second built in 1902 and the latest built in 1930. This chapter vacated its building during the height of WWII (1943-44) to share temporary housing at 1129 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (the FIJI building).
36. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnop}The 1944 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook carried an extensive piece on WWII-era fraternity housing challenges, see actual pages 156-175 (the online yearbook browser has these at its scanned pages 196-215), accessed 24 Feb 2017. Roster changes and special elections made for a blur of activity, where in some cases a chapter might have had three presidents in a single year due to deployments. Some chapters fully ceased operations; for consistency those who were closed for two years or more are noted on this page with a gap. Others operated at a minimal level, returning to normal operations only after 1945.
37. ^ΦΔΘ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
38. ^ΦΔΘ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter website, accessed 22 May 2014. Phi Delt alumni page says they resided at 1018 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN in 1903. Zellie study says chapter resided at 423 E. Beacon Street sometime prior to 1912. Address in 1912: 1027 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. (Note, the 1931 Yearbook and the chapter's alumni web page shows this property with an address of 1029 University Ave. SE, which ΦΔΘ built in 1930, but the building's postal address was shifted at some point to 1027 University SE, as it is listed today) See also Phi Delt alumni page, accessed 1 July 2014. Address in 1945: 1821 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, according to the 1945-46 Student organization directory. This and other annual directories were accessed in late Sept 2016 to update and correct many addresses and dates of occupancy for the fraternities and sororities on this page. Address in 1946: 925 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Another address in the 1940s: 422 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1950–91: 1011 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, an 'International Modernist' cinderblock building, later razed for a property known as 'The Cluster.' Address in 1991–94: 400 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they renovated. Address in 2013: 319 12th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day.
39. ^ ^abcFraternities which had once been members occasionally have withdrawn from the NIC without impact on campus involvement and inter-Greek governance. In 2002, ΦΔΘ and ΚΣ elected to leave the NIC. ΦΣΚ withdrew in 2002 but rejoined in 2006. ΛΧΑ severed ties in 2015. In 2016, ΤΚΕ resigned its membership.
40. ^ΔΤΔ's Beta Eta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address by 1908: 1009 University Ave. SE, address by 1922: 1717 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day. (Zellie notes this building was erected in 1921.) The chapter vacated its building during the height of WWII due to enlistments, maintaining an address from 1943-44 at 4313 West 42nd Street, Minneapolis, MN.
41. ^ΦΚΨ's Minnesota Beta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1900: 303 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1907: 1609 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day. Note: during the height of WWII (1943-44) the chapter resided at 1208 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
42. ^ΣΧ's Alpha Sigma Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
43. ^ΣΧ's Alpha Sigma Chapter website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1914: 1103 4th St., Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1926 and rebuilding on the same site in 1927: 1623 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day. This chapter vacated its property during the height of WWII (1943-44) to share the Delta Chi building at 1601 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Added adjacent 1617 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN about 1994.
44. ^ΒΘΠ's Beta Pi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
45. ^ΒΘΠ's Beta Pi Chapter website, accessed 21 Nov, 2018. Address in 1900: 1625 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day, razed and rebuilt on site in 1928. Due to enlistments, during the height of WWII this chapter vacated its building to take temporary housing at 1005 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN.
46. ^ΔΚΕ's University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1906: 1711 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day, with the current building completed in 1930. During the height of WWII (1943-44) this chapter vacated its building to take a temporary address at 429 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
47. ^ΦΓΔ's Mu Sigma Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
48. ^Fiji's Mu Sigma Chapter website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address by 1892: 619 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1908–11: 1212 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1911: 1129 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day, with the exception of temporary housing during the height of WWII (1943-44) at 1601 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (Delta Chi's building).
49. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalam}Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. pp. II-115. ISBN978-0963715906.
50. ^ΑΔΦ's Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
51. ^ΑΔΦ's Minnesota Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. Address in 1900: 1214 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1910: 1725 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. May have lived briefly at 1128 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (need confirmation ?) while current home was constructed in 1924. Razed and then built on the same site at 1725 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN in 1924, through present day This chapter vacated its building during the height of WWII (1943-44) for temporary housing at 1127 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
52. ^ΔΧ's Minnesota chapter portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1914: 1108 4th Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926: 1601 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, which it remodeled extensively in 1922, through present day.
53. ^ΖΨ's Alpha Beta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
54. ^ΖΨ's Alpha Beta Chapter noted on their national website, accessed 11 July 2017. Address prior to 1914: 1029 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1914–25?: 315 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (later owned for many decades by ΧΩ sorority). In 1927–28, built 1829 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, which it owns (but leased for several years to Sigma Pi). OFSL reports ΖΨ recolonized in the spring of 2016, and will reoccupy 1829 University Ave SE in September, 2017.
55. ^ΚΣ's Beta Mu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1910–20: 1107 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. 1928 address: 1125 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1930: 1018 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.(Zellie, p. A-58) Address in 1931: 307 16th Avenue SE, while building on the 1125 5th site. Moved back to 1125 5th Street SE in 1933 and remaining there through 2002 when structural deficiencies prompted the actives to rent alternative housing. Note: 1125 5th Street SE was leased to Zeta Tau Alpha sorority during 1943-44 at the height of WWII, while wartime Kappa Sigs shared space with Phi Delt at 1027 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 2002 to 2016: 315 19th Avenue SE. After 15 years this property, leased from a private landlord, was vacated before the fall 2016 term for occupancy by Theta Chi. Address in fall 2016 through spring of 2018 was in several leased locations. In Spring 2017 the fraternity purchased 1000 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, occupying the building in Fall 2018. During 2017 the building was fully renovated by adding a third floor. This purchase coincided with a relaxation of zoning restrictions on Greek-owned properties, approved by the City Council in April, 2017.
56. ^ΑΤΩ's Gamma Nu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
57. ^ΑΤΩ's Gamma Nu Chapter website, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1914: 1018 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 19xx: 1201 5th Street SE. Address in 1924–25: 406 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (a former ΠΒΦ house, Zellie notes, p.A-116, that this was during construction of their home at 1821 University Ave.), but this seems early. Address in 1927?: 1821 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day, though they apparently vacated the home during WWII, taking temporary housing at 525 10th Ave. E, Minneapolis, MN according to the 1945 Student Organization directory.
58. ^ΣΑΕ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1909–28: 1121 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN (which later housed ΦΜ and then ΣΔΤ). In 1929 they moved to 1805 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN for a year, while building 1815 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, residing there through the present day. (Zellie has them moving in in 1929, check which is correct.) The chapter briefly resided at 315 19th Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, during the height of WWII (1943-44).
59. ^ΣΝ's Gamma Tau Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1908: 400 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1912: 915 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. May have stayed one year at 922 University while new home was built. Moved to 307 16th Avenue SE in 1931. Briefly during WWII (1943-44), resided at 1813 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN.
60. ^ΦΣΚ's Beta Deuteron Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016 and Beta Deuteron Chapter website, accessed 25 July 2015
61. ^Predecessor group, the FLX Club, had three successive rental properties in Dinkytown. Address in 1910: According to the chapter's history, at installation they were renting an apartment on '15th Avenue SE,' Minneapolis, MN, but the record does not note the specific address. Address in 1911: The history continues, 'Then came a move to 12th Avenue SE,' similarly listed without a specific address. Address in 1912–15: 1820 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (where the Fieldhouse stands). This address is certainly correct, though the 1914 Yearbook omits the '1' from 1820 in its listing. Chapter historical records note that Phi Sigma Kappa was next door to the Alpha Xi Delta sorority, which was at 1800 University Avenue at this time. Address from 1915 to 1928: 1018 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. The chapter worked toward a purchase for several years, signing a contract in Nov 1919, finally completing the sale with a small mortgage in April of 1922. In 1926 designed and then in 1928, built 317 18th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, where they reside today. Note, this chapter, like all fraternities, reduced its activity during WWII due to enlistments, and leased its property for use by the Army during 1943-44.
62. ^Frank Prentice Rand (1923). Phi Sigma Kappa: A History 1873 - 1923. Northampton, Massachusetts: The Council of Phi Sigma Kappa, via The Kingsbury Print.
63. ^ΑΦΑ's University of Minnesota website link, accessed 19 May 2014. Non-residential.
64. ^ΣΑΜ's Mu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1925: 410 11th Avenue SE. Address in 1926: 702 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1927: 1529 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1928 to 1965 (sold in 1962, leased back for three years), 915 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (from Sigma Nu, and eventually sold to ΑΧΩ); later, part of this property was taken for highway egress. Address from 1965 to 1977: 311 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (former ΑΓΔ house) Address in 1977: 928 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day.
65. ^ΦΚΣ's Alpha Sigma Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. The chapter's predecessor group dates to 1915, while ΦΚΣ makes first Gopher appearance in 1917. Address in 1925: 1214 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1927: 1813 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, built by the fraternity. During WWII, moved to the Delta Chi building at 1601 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, until closing in 1943. Address in 2013: 1099 Hyacinth Ave. E., St. Paul, MN. Address in 2015: 641 Huron Blvd. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day.
66. ^ΑΣΦ's Rho Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address from 1916 to 1921: 1103 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1921 to 1935: 925 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (a home originally built for Earl Browne, then owned by John Martin, purchased by ΑΣΦ in 1921, and now home to ΤΚΕ). At its 2013 recolonization the fraternity used rental space at Coffman Union for meetings, with housing in several rented apartments. Address in 2018: 1018 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (formerly the William H. Condit house, and later occupied by ΑΤΩ, ΑΧΩ, then ΚΣ, all prior to WWII.)
67. ^ΣΦΕ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter U of MN portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
68. ^Address by 1920: 1009 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1927: 703 4th Street SE. By 1928 they'd moved to: 1617 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN (Zellie notes this was built for them in 1926). The chapter lost this house in 1934, moving to 420 Oak Street SE and closing in 1941. Address in 1956: 1120 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1978 to 1994: 1115 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (now the Wales House B&B, it had for a long time been Alpha Xi Delta). Address in 1994: 400 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day.
69. ^ΑΓΡ's Lambda Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
70. ^ΑΓΡ's Lambda Chapter website, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address by 1926: 1485 Cleveland Ave No, St. Paul, MN. Address in 1965 or earlier: 2060 Carter Ave., St. Paul, MN, through present day. The 1975 Student Activities Directory lists them at 2062 Carter Ave. Postal service change?
71. ^ΤΚΕ's Theta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1924: 1115 4th Street SE. Address from 1925 to 1938?: 1901 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, (now the YMCA). Address in 1939: 1410 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1940: 308 18th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Post-WWII recolonization date was 8 Apr 1948. Address in 1956, perhaps as early as 1951: 314 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (the right side of the former ΔΔΔ house). Address in the 1980s: 1103 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (per Zellie, p.A-77). Address in 2014: 925 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day. Previously housing several fraternities, this home was originally built for Earle Brown, then owned by John Martin.
72. ^ΠΚΑ'a Beta Chi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address from 1925: 1103 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1927 to 1936: 1214 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address at 1986 re-colonization, 1813 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, a building they maintained until the 2006 recolonization through today. They'd also controlled 1801 University until 2000, but sold that building, which has since been razed and rebuilt as a YMCA.
73. ^Triangle's Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address by 1926: 1227 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. The Fraternity has two addresses, the first of which dates from 1965, or earlier: 521 12th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (former ΣΚ sorority house) and 1112 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day. (Zellie has a typo, stating 541 12th. Previous occupants of 1112 6th include ΔΖ, ΖΤΑ, ΦΜ, and ΔΥ, see Zellie p.A-97)
74. ^ΔΥ's Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
75. ^ΔΥ's Minnesota ChapterArchived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 21 May 2014. Address prior to 1908: 400 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1908: 314 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1913: 921 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN (presently the south side of ΓΦΒ's building), which it eventually sold to them in 1967. A note in the 1955 yearbook says their home burned in 1939, after which they rebuilt on Tenth Ave., (the same footprint as the 921 University Ave building.) Address in 1965: 1112 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, now one of the Triangle buildings. Address at recolonization in 1991: 1725 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (this home is owned by Alpha Delta Phi, who had been off campus for a half decade.) Addresses in 2003: both 812 7th Street SE and 1019 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 2012: 1027 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, (a structure originally built by ΦΔΘ). Ceased operations in early 2017, then was reinstated, according to a 2017 MN Daily article accessed 21 Nov 2018. Address in 2017: non-residential. No address listed as of 21 Nov 2018 while the chapter is now listed as a member of IFC.
76. ^ΘΧ's Alpha Pi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1926(prior?)-1930: 1029 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1930–2000: 315 16th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they built. (Note, during WWII the chapter resided at 1227 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.) Address in 2013, 326 17th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address beginning in the September of 2016: 315 19th Avenue SE. Purchased by Theta Chi in 2016, this property had been owned by a private landlord since ~1989. He had leased it first to Delta Lambda Phi (1990-~1992) and then Kappa Sigma (2002-2016). To complete the historical record, the home had been built by Alpha Rho Chi to serve as the head of a planned Fraternity Court where Williams Arena was later built. Then Chi Phi (not Chi Psi) resided there from 1946 until 1990 (1994?). Theta Chi's U of M portal lists #2 840 18th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN as an address, accessed 1 Oct 2018, even while they reside at 315 19th Ave. SE.
77. ^FarmHouse's Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
78. ^FarmHouse's Minnesota Chapter website, accessed 21 May 2014. Address by 1943: 1485 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN. The 1966 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook mentions a new home built for the fraternity in 1962, where they reside yet today: 1505 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN
79. ^ΑΕΠ's Mu Epsilon Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
80. ^ΑΕΠ's Mu Upsilon Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. Address in 1949: 1704 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1956: 526 11th Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 2013: 1100 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
81. ^ ^abcdeSanua, Marianne R. (2003). Rischen, Moses; Sarna, Jonathan D. (eds.). Going Greek: Jewish College Fraternities in the United States 1895–1945. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. p. 335. ISBN0-8143-2857-1.
82. ^ΣΠ's Iota-Zeta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address from 2008-2017: 1829 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, vacating when that building was re-occupied by its owner, Zeta Psi fraternity in a long-planned move. As of fall 2016, Sigma Pi had secured an annex at 1023 University Ave., SE, Minneapolis, MN, and in 2017 it added the house next door, 1027 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, which had been suddenly vacated by Delta Upsilon.
83. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1892, p.85, that 'Theta Phi became the Mu chapter of Psi Upsilon on Friday, May 22, 1891', and the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1893, p.145, shows former ΘΦ members now as part of ΨΥ.
84. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1924, p.487, and on ΘΧ's Alpha Pi Chapter website, accessed 3 June 2014. Address in 1914: 1027 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN
85. ^ ^abZeta Psi Fraternity of North America, a history, pp.887-888, accessed 11 June 2014
86. ^As noted on the 2017 Acacia colony website, history page, accessed 14 Jun 2017.
87. ^Address in 1914: 703 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN
88. ^Beta Deuteron Chapter archives item: A Brief History of Beta Deuteron of Phi Sigma Kappa.' FLX resided in three successive rented quarters in what became Dinkytown and on the site of the Fieldhouse, culminating at 820 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, a year after chartering as Phi Sigma Kappa.
89. ^Address in 1914: 1300 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN
90. ^ΞΨΘ is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook of 1924. 1923 address: 1306 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. The 1925 Gopher shows several former ΞΨΦ men from the 1924 yearbook continuing as members of ΦΕΠ.
91. ^The ΑΣΦ national website notes that the Omar Club briefly changed its name to Alpha Theta Psi, prior to emerging as a chapter of Alpha Sigma Phi in 1916. There is no corroborating yearbook notation to show either predecessor group.
92. ^Address in 1915: 1214 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. While ΦΚΣ claims founding in 1915, this was the date of the predecessor group. ΦΚΣ makes first appearance, supplanting ΑΚΦ in 1917 Gopher.
93. ^The ΑΣΦ national website notes that the Omar Club briefly changed its name to Alpha Theta Psi, prior to emerging as a chapter of Alpha Sigma Phi. There is no corroborating yearbook notation to show either predecessor group. ΑΘΨ may have emerged in 1915 or early 1916, but certainly both predecessor groups ended in 1916, when they adopted the name ΑΣΦ.
94. ^ ^abcSeveral Minnesota ΛΧΑ predecessor groups are noted in an historical summary by Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity (November 2005), the Paedagogus, 50th edition. The Mandarin Club, along with two successor fraternities, the second of which was small national ΘΚΝ, didn't survive as an active group prior to the merger with ΛΧΑ. Eventually closing in 1933, ΘΚΝ missed the merger (11 Oct 1939) with its neighboring fraternity by about six years.
95. ^ΧΔΞ's predecessor group was Svithiod, also listed here. That group adopted the new name in 1921. 1925 address: 1110 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN
96. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.469, shows Sphinx at 1116 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. It was this group that became the Gamma-Omega chapter of ΛΧΑ.
97. ^All chapters of ΦΕΠ, including Minnesota's Alpha Delta Chapter were absorbed into ΖΒΤ in 1970, though the Minnesota chapter did not survive. Address in 1927: 311 Union Street, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 309 17th Avenue SE, (later a church behind ΒΘΠ, and then razed for a housing development). Address in 1930: 1018 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, which it leased or bought from ΦΣΚ. Address in 1940: 1901 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (former TKE house - See Zellie, pA-39).
98. ^University Real Estate office report, shows purchase of at least one ΦΕΠ property, ID 25-029-024-11, in 1971, accessed 26 May 2014.
99. ^This was the Minnesota Alpha Chapter of ΘΚΝ, address from about 1929–33 was 1100 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
100. ^ ^abΠΛΦ's Rho Chapter is listed as dormant on the national website. For its entire life, this chapter had been the Alpha Alpha Chapter of ΦΒΔ, which merged into ΠΛΦ in 1941, a decade after Alpha Alpha's demise. Phi Beta Delta should also not be confused with the honors society of the same name.
101. ^Address in 1927: 1321 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 1308 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1931: 1309 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
102. ^Originally a Catholic fraternity. Address by 1955: 525 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. The Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1959, p.280, notes a pending merger with Theta Kappa Phi, another Catholic fraternity not represented on the Minnesota campus, to form Phi Kappa Theta. The resulting chapter was the Minnesota Alpha Epsilon Chapter of ΦΚΘ.
103. ^ΨΥ's national website, listing Minnesota's Mu Chapter, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1908–41: 1721 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, now the Student Co-op, which it had built. Bought 1617 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN from ΧΦ in 1941 (who'd themselves acquired it from ΣΦΕ after 1934), until ΨΥ closed in 1993. Note, during the height of WWII (1943-44) the chapter resided at 429 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
104. ^ΘΔΧ's Tau Deuteron 'Charge' (~Chapter) Address in 1908: 100 Beacon Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1911: 1521 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN (now Hillel house lot). Moved to 400 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN in 1949, residing there until 1984.
105. ^According to the Theta Nu Epsilon websiteArchived 2012-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 6 December 2014 but as of 21 Nov 2018 no longer accessible except for the archived version, the Minnesota chapter of this fraternity was the Alpha Epsilon Chapter which died in 1900. However, the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1895, p.163, notes rather the name Tau Chapter of ΘΝΕ as having chartered at Minnesota in 1893. This incorrect name was a deliberate error. According to the ΘΝΕ website, the Tau designation was 'fancied by the chapter,' and Chi was also considered, before Alpha Epsilon was allowed. ΘΝΕ's Wikipedia page notes (without clear citation) possible activity at Minnesota as late as 1934, which the lack of a Gopher record shows is unlikely.
106. ^Baird's and other sources note ΘΝΕ was an ill-favored national due to its recruitment of sophomores who were already members of other fraternities, and a policy of secrecy about the active members - those same sophomores tapped each year. It was NOT an honorary, nor a service society. (Freshmen were discluded, juniors and seniors were advisoral only.) Hence, ΘΝΕ became a bit of a pariah, and members were pressured to quit lest they be expelled from their primary fraternities at Minnesota (see ΦΣΚ Rand History); in 1913 the NIC advocated vigorously against its collegians joining ΘΝΕ. Struggling for a workable path to legitimacy, several varying models developed on ΘΝΕ's campuses, where some chapters became standard fraternities, and others public inter-fraternity groups. At Alabama it even became a political machine, while other chapters took yet other forms. Later, with adoption of changes, ΘΝΕ briefly joined the NIC in the 1930s, but ceased operations after WWII. Several chapters reformed the society as a smaller entity, some becoming co-ed in the 1970s. The fraternity reports a few chapters which remain active today. --All information compiled from Baird's 19th, from the cited ΘΝΕ website, and a note about Theta Nu Epsilon in ΦΣΚ's Rand History, in a reference cited under that fraternity, p190.
107. ^The Acacia national website noted its Minnesota Chapter (Hebrew: 'Kaph') actually was a club that pre-dated establishment of the national organization, later joining the growing fraternity as its eleventh chapter. Acacia attempted a recolonization, according to the national fraternityArchived 2014-06-18 at the Wayback Machine, an attempt that appears to have been abandoned in late 2017 before rechartering. The colony still maintains its own website, accessed 21 NOv 2018. Address until 1915: 100 Beacon Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1915 was the Richardsonian Romanesque Frey mansion at 1206 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, residing there through 1968 (or as late as 1970?) (Zellie study says only 40 years) while 1967-68 Student Directory shows their continued residence in that building. A 1965 edition of Pearls of Wisdom, a publication by the 'The Church Universal and Triumphant' lists the building as its 'Hiawatha House' and one of its nine Community Teaching Centers that year], accessed 21 Nov 2018. Chapter address in 1979 directory (using old info?): 612 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (may have been non-residential this year.) Address in 1980 directory (also old info?): 1027 University Ave., Minneapolis, MN. The chapter lived elsewhere after their 1983 return. Historical sketch of 1206 5th Street SE, and architectural renderingsArchived 2014-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 7 June 2014
108. ^The building at 1206 5th Street SE, known as the Frey Mansion, was occupied and then owned by the Heart of the Earth survival school (associated with the American Indian Movement), from 1980 until 2013. In 2013 the building was purchased by a private developer, Roman Gadaskin, who renovated it along with the adjacent Hoy Building into multi-unit housing for a total of 23 bedrooms, according to City planning minutes. Accessed 15 March 2015.
109. ^The Greek Community Strategic Task Force Report, 16 December 2012Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, notes Acacia as closing in 1971, but this is an error, and doesn't match Baird's, nor does it note the later recolonization, from 1983-93. Accessed 9 June 2014.
110. ^The Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1926, p.463 shows the Psi Chapter of ΘΞ at: 519 10th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. address in 1956 was: 330 11th Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. The home at 519 10th was also pictured with the chapter in the 1965 yearbook (likely photographed in 1964 due to timing), then the 1965-66 directory notes their address at 1011 6th Street SE., Minneapolis, MN.
111. ^Address in 1927: 322 18th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 1320 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN
112. ^Address in 1926: 1312 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 960 15th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN
113. ^Retained Sphinx' house after 1925 chartering, at: 1116 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address at re-colonization in 1947 involved a 3-way trade, leading to the Co-op at 1721 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1956: 1009 University Ave., Minneapolis, MN. Their re-chartering date was 9 Mar 1948, according to the 1947-48 Student Directory.
114. ^Former address in 19xx: 1710 4th Street SE, (on the north side of 4th, across from 17th Street Dorm). Address in 1929: 320 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1931, p.362, shows ΤΔΦ's Phi Chapter at 701 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1940: 317 17th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (across the alley from ΒΘΠ, now razed for Keeler Apts.). Address in 1943: 1313 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Non-residential in 1946.
115. ^ΧΦ's national magazine, Winter 2005, pp 47-48, shows dates of activity for Minnesota's Gamma Delta Chapter, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1929: 1110 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1936: 1617 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1941: 1313 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1943: 1813 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1946: 315 19th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (the former ΑΡΧ architecture fraternity) until closing in 1990 or '94.
116. ^The Greek Community Strategic Task Force Report, 16 December 2012Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, notes ΧΦ as closing in 1994, but this doesn't match other sources, which cite 1990.
117. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1959, p.280, notes pending merger of Phi Kappa and Theta Kappa Phi, to form Phi Kappa Theta. The resulting chapter was the Minnesota Alpha Epsilon Chapter of ΦΚΘ. Lived in several rental properties. At the time of the merger, their address in 1959: 525 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN.
118. ^ΖΒΤ rented several properties prior to national merger with ΦΕΠ.
119. ^ΖΒΤ briefly considered recolonization in 2012, but this did not occur.
120. ^Address from 1965 to 1980+: 1103 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
121. ^ΔΣΦ at Minnesota rented several properties, didn't survive long. During the 1980s effort they rented 312 16th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN
122. ^The Greek Community Strategic Task Force Report, 16 December 2012Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, notes ΔΣΦ as closing in 1971, but this is inaccurate. They had a short-term revival in the mid-1980s. These were colonies only, and were not granted a chapter designation name. Address in 1985: 312 16th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN.
123. ^ΩΝΑ's University of Minnesota web portal, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 2000, 1813 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, moving in 2006 to 1019 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Chapter was formed by former ΘΧ members at the time of Theta Chi's 2000 closure.
124. ^ΚΚΓ's Chi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
125. ^ΚΚΓ's Chi Chapter website, accessed 21 Nov 2018. Address in 1908: 1413 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1909: 1023 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1910: 1728 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1914: 1728 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1915: 329 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they built, through the present day. ΚΚΓ's annex, at 914 4th Street SE, was owned by ΑΟΠ from ~1915 to 1930, until that sorority completed their new home.
126. ^ΔΓ's Lambda Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Obtained the first women's residential 'sorority' house on campus, rented and not built for them. This home, in 1903 was 314 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (the right side of the former ΔΔΔ house, which may have been a previous building on that same site). Other addresses: 1221 SE. 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN and by 1914: 1320 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1917 which they built: 1026 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, which has been expanded and which the chapter occupies through the present day.
127. ^ΚΑΘ's Upsilon Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
128. ^ΚΑΘ's national website, showing Upsilon Chapter, accessed 21 May 2014. Address from 1914 to 1951: 314 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (the right side of the former ΔΔΔ house). Address in 1951: 1012 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day.
129. ^ΑΦ's Epsilon Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. The first 'sorority' to build a chapterhouse, in 1912 ΑΦ built the property at 323 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, where they reside through the present day. It has been remodeled and expanded several times, notably in 1923, 1938, 1948 (façade) and 1969 (front room). The letter 'Phi' in the sorority's name is pronounced in Greek fashion, as 'Fee', and not anglicized as 'Fye'.
130. ^ΠΒΦ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
131. ^ΠΒΦ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address by 1914: 406 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (Zellie). Address in 1915: 1212 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1916 to 1928: 1019 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, which ΠΒΦ built as the fifth sorority house on campus (Zellie, p. A-48). Address in 1928: 1109 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, which it also built, through the present day. Zellie notes (p.A-78-79) that there was a previous wood frame unnamed sorority house on this lot, dated from 1895. Pi Phi maintains an annex at 510 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN.
132. ^ΓΦΒ's Kappa Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
133. ^ΓΦΒ's Kappa Chapter website, accessed 21 May 2014. Address until 1914: 1018 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address prior to 1915: 406 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1915: 311 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day, making it the second chapter to construct a chapterhouse. In 1967, ΓΦΒ bought and connected the neighboring building, formerly 921 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, from Delta Upsilon fraternity, later expanding the connection between the buildings from a passway to a three story expansion.
134. ^ΑΓΔ's Delta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
135. ^ΑΓΔ's Delta Chapter website, accessed 21 Nov 2018. Address in 1910: 611 13th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1914: 309 17th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1915: 1023 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1916–64: 311 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they built (later, this was home to ΣΑΜ in the late 1960s and 1970s). Address by 1965: 401 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they built, through the present day. One reference (1965-66 Student Directory) noted this an address at 1029 4th Street SE., Minneapolis, MN, but this is merely the 4th Street side of the same property, probably the address of a former building on that site.
136. ^ΑΟΠ's Tau Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
137. ^ΑΟΠ's Tau Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. Address in 1915: 1213 15th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from potentially as early as 1916 to 1930: 914 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (now Kappa's annex). Address in 1930: 1121 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they built, through the present day.
138. ^ΑΧΩ's Alpha Lambda Chapter portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
139. ^ΑΧΩ's Alpha Lambda Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. Address by 1924: 1018 4th Street SE. Address by 1930: 514 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1965 (had bought site in 1962 from ΣΑΜ, then leased back to ΣΑΜ for three years), finally building and occupying their new house in 1966: 915 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day.
140. ^ΧΩ's Pi Beta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 29 Jan 2019. Address in 1926: 1707 University Ave. SE. Address from 1928 to 1989: 315 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (now the Maranatha Church, and originally owned by ΖΨ). Address in 2013: 326 17th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day. Note, Zellie study says ΧΩ built 1001 5th Street SE in 1967. This is an obvious error in that study. Cause?
141. ^Zeta Eta Chapter website, accessed 10 Nov 2017. Rechartered in 2017. Address by 1926: 416 8th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1928 and through at least 1932: 1121 University Ave. SE. Address in 1933?, certainly through 1960: 1112 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (former ΔΖ house, now one of the Triangle houses). Address in 1965: 330 11th Ave. SE., Minneapolis, MN. Note that another Minnesota sorority, ΑΔΘ, merged into ΦΜ nationally in 1939. In the early 1930s ΑΔΘ had resided at nearby 406 11th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, (itself a former ΠΒΦ house). However, both small chapters closed prior to the ΦΜ merger. Alumnae clubs from the predecessor organizations merged their membership. After their post-WWII recolonization (1946) they secured a new building, with a change of residence again in 1964, but school yearbooks do not provide either address. Address in fall 2016: 326 17th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day. OFSL reports that a lack of suitable housing prompted that ΦΜ's recolonization, originally planned for the fall of 2015, had to be pushed back to occur in fall 2016.
142. ^Beta of Clovia's University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
143. ^Clovia's website, accessed 20 May 2014. Address in 1959: 1502 Raymond Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address in 1989: 2067 Carter Ave., St. Paul, MN, with the purchase that year of ΓΟΒ's house.
144. ^Clovia remains a regional organization, with an active Alpha Chapter at Kansas State. There have been four other chapters: at Nebraska, Mankato (MN), Ft. Hayes State (KS) and Crookston (MN), but all have since closed. The Alpha Chapter, formerly a part of the campus Panhellenic, has re-branded itself as an independent cooperative house, promoting leadership, according to that chapter's website, accessed 19 Oct 2016.
145. ^ΛΔΦ's Gamma Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
146. ^ΛΔΦ's Gamma Chapter website, accessed 20 May 2014. Address in 1965: 1276 No. Raymond Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address in 1979: 1381 N. Cleveland Ave., St. Paul, MN, where they reside today.
147. ^ΑΣΚ's Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
148. ^ΑΣΚ's Alpha Chapter website, accessed 10 Nov 2017. Address in 1994: 1011 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Non-residential. Address in 2012: 126 Coffman Memorial Union, 300 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN
149. ^ΦΒΧ's Psi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Nov 2017. Non-residential. Address in 2013: 126 Coffman Memorial Union, 300 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN
150. ^ ^abAccording to a note in Bairds' Manual, 8th ed.
151. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, lists the Scroll and Key as having been founded in 1916. The 1937 Gopher notes ΣΔΤ's birth as Scroll and Key.
152. ^ ^abcAchoth sorority at Minnesota became Kappa Chapter of ΦΩΠ (Phi Omega Pi) in 1922, in a national consolidation with 4 small sororities. Phi Omega Pi national in turn was absorbed by Delta Zeta in 1946, but this occurred about four years after the local ΦΩΠ chapter had died. Note that the Zellie reference says ΔΖ built 1100 4th Street SE in 1927. This conflicts slightly with Gopher photos and addresses, probably due to trailing publication timing.
153. ^Address in 1920: 410 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Zellie reference p.A-63 says Achoth resided at 1107 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN until 1930, but other records (Baird's) show that sorority had merged with ΦΩΠ long before then.
154. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1924, p.533
155. ^ΣΚ's Alpha Eta Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address by 1926 (earlier?): 901 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (later razed for 35W). Built 521 12th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN in 1936, occupying it through 1961 and then in 1962 as a new local chapter (Preliminary designs had the floorplan reversed on the left-right bias, with an address at 519 12th Avenue SE and changed prior to construction. This home is now one of the Triangle Houses). The 1963 Yearbook notes ΒΤΛ moved to another location at the end of 1962.
156. ^Address by 1926 through merger: 800 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN
157. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1926, lists the Alpha Chapter of ΖΑ on p.517. Address in 1926: 312 17th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN.
158. ^This was the Kappa Chapter of ΒΦΑ, which went dormant about the time of the national merger with ΔΖ in 1941, possibly merging undergrads; ΒΦΑ was very small by then. Address in 1928: 1707 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (later the site of the Newman Center, which itself was razed for the Greek Suites of the 17th Avenue dorm in ~2012). Address in 1931–33: 1103 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
159. ^Address in 1928–30+: 406 11th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN (which had previously held ΠΒΦ and then ΑΤΩ.)
160. ^Four years after local ΦΔΣ became ΑΔΘ's Tau Chapter at Minnesota, the group died. Then five years later its national was absorbed into ΦΜ. ΑΔΘ address from 1931 to 1934: 406 11th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN
161. ^This academic and social sorority, ΑΔΘ, should not to be confused with the national professional sorority of the same name, existing on the Minnesota campus some years later.
162. ^Listed in the 1938 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, ΓΣΦ showed they had just moved into 416 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, a home previously occupied by ΣΔΤ. ΓΣΦ's address by 1938 and chartering as ΑΕΦ was 928 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
163. ^Listed in the 1960 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, ΝΣΠ on the St. Paul campus was noted as a preliminary step before becoming a chapter of the then-undetermined national sorority.
164. ^'Tri Delta website'. tridelta.org. Retrieved January 14, 2018.. Theta Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on the national website. Address by 1914: 1703 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1917: 316 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, buying 314 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (sometime after 1961), then remodeled and expanded twice, until closing in 2004. Prodded by their national organization they sold their property with proceeds turned over to the national rather than renting it out during a downturn. As of 2019 a church built a sanctuary on their parking lot.
165. ^ΑΞΔ's Mu Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on the national website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1910: 1405 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1914: 1800 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1920: 410 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1924: 1115 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (Wales House B&B), which the sorority converted from a private home, until 1960. Address in 1985: 637 Erie St., Minneapolis, MN.
166. ^GCSTF12 notes ΑΞΔ as closing in 1960, but other records note a re-colonization from 1983 to 1987. Then, Zellie notes, almost certainly incorrectly, that ΑΞΔ was in this last building until the late 1960s. Which is correct? The letter 'Xi' in the sorority's name is pronounced in Greek fashion, as 'Zee', and not anglicized as 'Zye'.
167. ^ΚΔ's Sigma Beta Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address prior to 1925: 406 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1926: 1025 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through 1972 when they closed.
168. ^ΑΔΠ's Alpha Rho Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national websiteArchived 2014-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 22 May 2014. Address by 1926: 629 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 1009 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address from 1952 to 1987: 1000 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (later the 'Moonies' house, and in 2017 purchased by Kappa Sigma.)
169. ^ΔΖ's Gamma Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national website, accessed 21 Nov 2018. Address in 1924: 1111 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926: 1112 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1927: 1212 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928, which ΔΖ built: 1100 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (to clarify, this is the same house as 330 11th Avenue SE, now occupied by ΚΗΚ professional fraternity. Its address was adjusted to reflect 11th Avenue SE.) (Zellie p.A-60). Address in 1943: 519 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN.
170. ^ΖΤΑ's Alpha Tau Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1926: 1320 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1928: 916 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1930: 1112 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN (former ΔΖ house, now one of the Triangle houses) - incidentally the 1941 yearbook reported there was a fire at this house just prior to publication. Address by 1943: 1125 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, temporarily occupying Kappa Sigma's building. Address by 1945: 1027 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (former Phi Delta Theta house).
171. ^University of Minnesota lists the ΓΟΒ Foundation as a continuing source for scholarship money, accessed 28 June 2014. Originally a Home Economics club, ΓΟΒ was recognized as a Home Economics Sorority in 1932. Address by 1940: 1420 Chelmsford Avenue, St. Paul, MN. Address in late 1941 (1942 yearbook): 1394 Grantham Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address in 1942: 1315 Raymond Avenue, St. Paul, MN. Address in 1943: 2060 Carter Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address in 1945: 2089 Carter Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address by 1946: 2067 Carter Ave., St. Paul, MN. At ΓΟΒ's closure in 1989, Beta of Clovia purchased the 2067 Carter Ave. building, and retains it today.
172. ^ΔΦΕ's Tau Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national website, accessed 21 Nov 2018
173. ^ΣΔΤ's Nu Chapter at Minnesota is listed as inactive on their national website, accessed 22 May 2014. Address by 1932: 416 11th Avenue SE. Address by 1938: 925 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1939: 1121 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, through their closure in 1994.
174. ^ΑΕΦ's Alpha Iota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
175. ^ΑΕΦ's Alpha Iota Chapter websiteArchived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 19 May 2014. Address in 1938 until at least 1975: 928 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Later address: 311 11th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, selling to ΣΑΜ. Address circa 1940: 525 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (this is a conflicting date reference in Zellie, p.A-112, as the yearbook clearly says 928 5th in 1940). Address in 1978: 925 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, then the chapter closed. Address at 2009 recolonization: 126 Coffman Memorial Union, 300 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN
176. ^According to the 1961 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, ΒΤΛ was formed by members of ΣΚ's Alpha Eta Chapter who chose to turn in their charter over dissatisfaction with how the national sorority had handled two eastern chapters who'd pledged black students, chapters that had been suspended. Thus it would appear that the Minnesota group had been supportive of a more inclusive national policy. Address in 1961: 521 12th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they abandoned after 1962.
177. ^ΑΦΑ's Mu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 24 May 2014
178. ^ΩΨΦ's Xi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014, photographed in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1926, p.465. Address in 1965: 906 Gaultier Street, St. Paul, MN.
179. ^ΚΑΨ's national website, accessed 21 May 2014
180. ^ΚΑΨ's Psi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014. Noted in the 1965-66 Student Directory.
181. ^ΦΒΣ's Pi Eta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014
182. ^ΔΛΦ's Delta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
183. ^ΔΛΦ's Delta Chapter website, accessed 21 May 2014. For several years beginning in 1990, ΔΛΦ resided at 315 19th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, (after ΧΦ closed and before ΚΣ leased the building). ΔΛΦ is currently non-residential.
184. ^ΣΛΒ's Alpha Beta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
185. ^ΒΧΘ's Lambda Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
186. ^ΒΧΘ's national website, chapter list showing Lambda Chapter at Minnesota, accessed 20 May 2014
187. ^ΠΔΨ's unnamed Minnesota Colony University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
188. ^Note, ΣΒΡ's national website had listed the Minnesota group as a colony, when accessed 19 March 2015. However, as of September 10, 2016, it was no longer listed. It never chartered.
189. ^ΑΚΑ's Mu Rho Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
190. ^Non residential in 1945. Address in 1959: 988 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul, MN.
191. ^ΔΣΘ's Nu Epsilon Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
192. ^ΖΦΒ's Kappa Pi University of Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
193. ^For ΣΓΡ's Delta Nu Chapter, refer to the national website, accessed 22 May 2014
194. ^ΣΛΓ's Sigma Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
195. ^ΔΦΩ's Twin Cities Colony University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
196. ^ΑΦΓ's Mu Chapter, University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016
197. ^ΣΨΖ's Alpha Kappa Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
198. ^ΣΨΖ's Alpha Kappa Charter Facebook page, accessed 5 May 2015
199. ^This crossover is apparent in many examples: Alpha Gamma Rho Fraternity became an NIC member while retaining its membership in the PHA. Born as a professional fraternity, by 1917 it had begun to operate as a social and academic fraternity, requiring 'exclusivity' of its members, i.e.: they couldn't be part of another social or academic society. In 1944 FarmHouse fraternity made a similar move. Like AGR, both retain a focus on agriculture. Delta Chi fraternity began as a Law fraternity, conferencing with similar societies it its early days, while by 1911 moving exclusively into what would become the NIC camp. Minnesota's was the fourth oldest chapter of this national and was a participant in this evolution. A number of multicultural fraternities such as Alpha Phi Alpha are members of both the NPHC as well as the NIC. Evans Scholars, an honorary fraternity for golf caddies whose Eta chapter (accessed 3 Dec 2017) occupies a home among the undergraduate Greeks, operates as a social and academic residential chapter and maintains a full social schedule among the NIC and NPC fraternities and sororities. City codes group all such property-owning organizations together, regulating them as similar to boarding houses. Sale or rental of properties between groups has occurred cooperatively for well over a century. To summarize, rather than exhibiting hard-and-fast lines of demarcation that separate social, professional or honor types of organizations, these societies appear to flex, cooperate and adjust over time with the demands of participants, becoming more or less vigorous (residential, social, 'programmed') in a slow but steady evolution.
200. ^Note, until 2012, ΦΔΦ had nationally been a professional fraternity. Chapters are called 'Inns'; the Minnesota chapter is called the Dillon Inn, as shown in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.501. Formerly residential?, address shown in 1914: 321 14th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1959: 721 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
201. ^This is ΦΒΚ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter
202. ^Mortar Board's University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
203. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrs}Association of College Honor Societies website: search for current status of this society at the University of Minnesota, accessed 18 May 2014
204. ^Note, there was a women's senior honorary at Minnesota dating from 1903 also called Mortar Board. Merged? National affiliation came in 1919, but the Minnesota group is not listed among the national founders. See Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.508
205. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.507. Decades later, the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook of 1959 mentions the 'twilight tapping ceremony on the steps of Northrop,' and the role of the Iron Wedge in ushering at the President's Reception each year, p.347
206. ^ΦΥΟ's Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 25 May 2014. Formerly residential, address in 1914: 1455 Cleveland Avenue, St. Paul, MN. Address in 1915: 1315 Raymond Avenue, St. Paul, MN. Address in 1959: 1387 Cleveland Ave., St. Paul, MN. The 1979-80 Student Org directory lists a 'Phi Upsilon' honors fraternity, but this listing is adjacent to 'Phi Upsilon Omicron' with the same adviser or president's name and same address and phone number. Hence 'Phi Upsilon' in this directory is clearly a duplicate entry and may be ignored.
207. ^ΤΒΦ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016
208. ^This is ΦΛΥ's Minnesota Zeta Chapter
209. ^The Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1926, p.410, lists the Minnesota Chapter of ΓΣΔ. See also Honors Society of Agriculture
210. ^Minnesota chapter contact information^{[permanent dead link]}, from ΓΣΔ national website, accessed 7 March 2016.
211. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1931, p.312 notes the Beta Chapter of ΤΣΔ
212. ^ΤΣΔ's Beta Chapter website, accessed 12 August 2016.
213. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.524 lists the Minnesota Epsilon Chapter of ΠΛΘ
214. ^This is/was the Gamma Chapter of ΔΦΔ. Still existent in 1949. Dormant?
215. ^ΗΚΝ's Omicron Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
216. ^ΞΣΠ Delta Chapter University of Minnesota portalArchived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 May 2014. Scattered clippings indicate this group may be called XSP on some campuses. The 1975 student directory lists Xi Sigma Pi's Delta chapter as a residential chapter, with an address at 110 Green Hall, U of MN, on the St. Paul Campus. Obviously this is an academic building.
217. ^Minnesota's is the Beta Chapter of ΒΓΣ, as noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.511. The national organization was formed at Wisconsin, in 1913.
218. ^ΠΤΣ's national website, accessed 21 Nov 2018, shows the Minnesota Gamma Chapter
219. ^Block and Bridle Club University of Minnesota portal, accessed 21 Nov 2018.
220. ^ΧΕ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016. 'Date approved' as a new student group 7 Mar 1923 according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
221. ^Minnesota's is the Mercury Chapter of ΙΣΠ, as noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.517. The national organization was formed at California, in 1912. The Minnesota chapter was approved as a new student group 12 Apr 1923 according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
222. ^ΙΣΠ's national body administers scholarships available at Minnesota. Accessed 21 Nov 2018
223. ^Minnesota's Beta Morae Chapter of Phalanx was noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.476, and noted with chapter name in the 1941 Yearbook, p.325, with a 1930 date of founding. This may have been the date of association into the national organization, founded at Illinois.
224. ^Plumb Bob website, accessed 28 May 2014
225. ^ΕΣΠ's national website, accessed 21 Nov 2018, shows the Pi Chapter at Minnesota organized on 15 Dec, 1927.
226. ^ΟΚΥ's national website notes Minnesota's Beta Beta chapter, accessed 26 Sept 2016.
227. ^ΡΧ's Mu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016
228. ^National ΡΧ chapter listing, accessed 21 Nov 2018
229. ^This was the Epsilon Chapter of ΣΕΣ; national appears to have disbanded.
230. ^Unnamed, early chapter of this organization noted in the 1941 Student Organization directory.
231. ^ΒΑΨ / SAFA website, accessed 8 June 2014. Rho Chapter at Minnesota was approved as a new student group 12 May 1931, according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
232. ^ΣΘΤ's Zeta Chapter website, accessed 21 Nov 2018
233. ^ΩΧΕ's national website, showing the Minnesota Gamma Chapter, accessed 19 May 2014.
234. ^ΨΧ'sMinnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
235. ^ΨΧ's Minnesota Chapter listed on the Psychology department website, accessed 11 Sept 2016
236. ^ΦΑΘ's national website shows the Phi Chapter at Minnesota, and provides contact information. There is no local portal website.
237. ^ΚΤΑ's national website shows the Minnesota Chapter of the society, and directs inquiries to the School of Journalism and Mass Communications. Accessed 8 June 2014
238. ^ΠΔΦ's Alpha Xi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
239. ^ΠΔΦ's national website shows the Alpha Xi Chapter at Minnesota as active. Accessed 8 June 2014
240. ^ΤΒΣ's Alpha Iota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016. Predecessor group was ΘΝ local sorority. Historical sketch of ΤΒΣ and ΚΚΨ, accessed 5 June 2014
241. ^ΦΖ may not have a national website. Many chapters (Purdue's, for example, here), show the Minnesota Kappa Chapter of the society. Accessed 8 June 2014. May require a faculty sponsor.
242. ^ΣΓΤ's national website notes that the most recent update from local Minnesota Chapter sponsors came in in 1996. May need faculty sponsorship to revitalize. Accessed 8 June 2014
243. ^Founded as Angel Wings, to serve as the auxiliary to the Arnold Air Society, the group took the name Silver Wings after 1998, when campus units were given the option of using either name. Its restated purpose is 'as a civilian organization that emphasizes leadership, citizenship, and development of professional skills,' according to the Silver Wings website, accessed 14 Oct 2016. Minnesota's is the Nighthawk Chapter.
244. ^ΑΚΔ's national website lists the Minnesota Chapter as dormant as of 2004. This means the sponsor retired, and it needs a new academic sponsor.
245. ^ΠΚΛ's national website notes Minnesota's Alpha Sigma Chapter went inactive in 2001; this likely means the faculty sponsor retired, and is easily remedied with a new sponsor.
246. ^ΣΦΑ website, listing Minnesota's Eta Chapter, accessed 21 Nov 2018
247. ^Evans Scholars Eta Chapter website portal, accessed 5 June 2014. Address by 1961: 1115 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. (purchased from ΑΞΔ). They sold this building in 1978 to ΣΦΕ. Today the chapter is located at 929 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN
248. ^ΠΑΞ's Lambda Chapter at the University of Minnesota, accessed 23 Sept 2016, is noted on their national website. Also in the 1980 student organization directory.
249. ^'Recent chartering, (early 1968), noted in the Minnesota Nurseryman's Newsletter, July–August, 1968, accessed 23 Sept 2016.
250. ^ΡΛ's Mu Chapter is listed on the national organization's website, accessed 21 Nov 2018
251. ^Phi Kappa Phi website, accessed 20 May 2014.
252. ^Order of Omega's University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
253. ^The Order of Omega's chapter directoryArchived 2013-11-16 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 22 May 2014
254. ^ΣΛΑ's Minnesota Chapter, University portal, accessed 12 August 2016.
255. ^Golden Key's University of Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014
256. ^ΑΕΔ's Minnesota Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
257. ^Local ΑΕΔ website, accessed 27 May 2014
258. ^ΦΛΣ's University of Minnesota Alpha Phi Chapter portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
259. ^ΚΚΨ's Kappa Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
260. ^ΚΚΨ's Kappa Alpha Chapter website, accessed 21 May 2014. Historical sketch of ΤΒΣ and ΚΚΨ, accessed 5 June 2014
261. ^Collegiate Scholars University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014
262. ^ΠΑΑ's national website, accessed 1 June 2016. There is no local chapter portal as this honor is conferred at graduation for those qualifying.
263. ^Order of the Sword & Shield national website, accessed 7 Oct 2016. The national was established in 2010, thus the Minnesota chapter emerged a year or two afterward. Note that the precursor to the CIA was the WWII-era OSS, which is likely the inspiration for the Order's acronym.
264. ^ΤΣ's Epsilon Tau Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
265. ^ΤΣ's Epsilon Tau Chapter, national portal, accessed 12 August 2016.
266. ^ΣΑΛ's Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014
267. ^ΣΛΧ's Chi Chapter at the University of Minnesota, as noted on the Construction Management program website, accessed 23 March 2018.
268. ^See the Sigma Lambda Chi website, accessed 26 March 2018, which noted the chapter's induction date of 1 Nov 2018.
269. ^Phi Beta Delta's chapter list, accessed 19 Sept 2018, notes Minnesota's Psi Chapter as active.
270. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.440, shows Nu Chapter. The 1940 yearbook notes that the chapter was formed in 1917, but this appears to be a typo, considering the other sources.
271. ^ ^abThe Association for Women in Communications is the successor organization to this honors sorority, accessed 25 May 2014.
272. ^Baird's explains that the Honors Society of Agriculture at Minnesota amalgamated with Gamma Sigma Delta in 1917.
273. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.361, shows ΓΕΠ's Eta Chapter. This national honors society merged into Beta Gamma Sigma in 1933.
274. ^ ^abNote, nationally, ΚΟΝ was formed from a consolidation of ΟΝ and ΚΟΦ in 1990. Minnesota's ΟΝ Rho Chapter was founded in 1923 and existed to 1980 or later, hence ΚΟΝ is listed here, using ΟΝ's dates of confirmed activity. The website for the successor group, ΚΟΝ, lists this chapter as dormant. Needs faculty sponsor to reactivate.
275. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1949, p.343. Historical sketch of ΤΒΣ, accessed 5 June 2014
276. ^ ^abHistory of Sigma Gamma Tau notes the Epsilon Chapter of ΤΩ, at the merger with ΓΑΡ (Gamma Alpha Rho) to form Sigma Gamma Tau, accessed 1 June 2014
277. ^Angels Flight is noted in the 1961 Minnesota Gopher yearbook with founding dates. The group name changed to Silver Wings after 1998.
278. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1893, p.158
279. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1931, p.326 shows 'B' Company, 1st Regiment (~chapter)
280. ^Occasionally noted in AFA newsletters, 'DSR-TKA' appears to have a presence on some campuses, no longer at Minnesota, with very little national activity. Website accessed 16 May 2014. In a Jan 2017 letter from Ball State University Director and NFA board member, Mary Moore, she notes an attempt was made 'a few years ago' to re-establish the Minnesota chapter, but that this was not successful. She provided a web address for them of 'UFS (at) umn.edu' for possible future contact. This was an historically important chapter: ΔΣΡ's Alpha Chapter was at Minnesota. The ΔΣΡ chapter at Minnesota was re-started in 1947 after a short WWII dormancy. The National Forensics Assn may also cooperate from time to time with this collegiate organization.
281. ^ ^abBaird's 19th ed. on p.VIII-42 notes ΦΔΓ's 1935 absorption into Tau Kappa Alpha honor society.
282. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1924, p.441
283. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1915, p.468
284. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1925, p.506. Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1959 mentions 4AM awakening for those tapped, for breakfast, p.346
285. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.440, shows Nu Chapter of Theta Sigma Phi.
286. ^The Minnesota chapter was the Beta Chapter
287. ^Noted with already a dozen honorees in the 1924 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, p.381, it is safe to assume establishment shortly after 1912. Sigma Delta Psi is now dormant as a national, but remains a locally managed honorary at a number of schools, including The Citadel, as explained on their athletic department website, accessed 6 February 2016.
288. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1931, p321 shows ΚΡ. Many references in U of Minnesota archives note award of a 'Kappa Rho Cup'.
289. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.554, shows Skin and Bones. This may have begun as a class society. During some years, junior-class members would be photographed with their backs to the camera.
290. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.527, shows White Dragon
291. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1919, p.206 shows the Gamma Chapter of ΖΚΨ.
292. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.359, shows ΔΦΛ.
293. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1925, p.516, shows Incus
294. ^Silver Spur's Minnesota Chapter became dormant prior to dormancy of national organization.
295. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.383, shows ΤΥΚ
296. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.377, shows Mortar and Ball's Alpha Chapter, Battery 'A', 1st Regiment. The chapter was re-started in 1947 after a WWII hiatus.
297. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.518, shows ΩΗΜ
298. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.522, shows ΠΑ
299. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1925, p.533, shows ΦΣΦ. This organization slowly morphed into the Band Social Organization (BSO) through the early 1970s. Renewed organizational and Greek letter interest resulted in the twin chapters of ΤΒΣ (1952–75, revived in 1990) and ΚΚΨ (1994), link accessed 5 June 2014
300. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.510, shows ΑΠΑ
301. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1924, p.435. 'Date approved' as a new student group 15 Feb 1922, according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
302. ^Sigma Gamma Epsilon website notes ΣΓΕ's Rho Chapter as inactive. However, reactivation simply requires university sponsorship. Accessed 19 May 2014.
303. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.516, shows ΠΔΕ. The fraternity merged with Alpha Phi Gamma in 1975, to form the Society for Collegiate Journalists, which may need a faculty sponsor to revive.
304. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.537, shows Torch and Distaff
305. ^ΚΒΦ's Minnesota Chapter was lost in the Great Depression; only a Wall Street chapter remains.
306. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.356, shows the Dean E. E. Nicholson Chapter of ΑΔΣ
307. ^Minnesota's chapter of ΠΤΠΣ was noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.477. Also referenced in the 1941 Student Organization directory.
308. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.357. 1949 Gopher notes its paired relationship with similar sorority for women, Eta Sigma Upsilon (ΗΣΥ). 'Date approved' as a new student group was 1926 per the 1941 Student Organization directory. The 1965-66 Student Org directory lists ΑΣΠ as (recently) inactive.
309. ^Mentioned in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.290
310. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.204 notes its paired relationship with similar sorority for men, Alpha Sigma Pi (ΑΣΠ). Founding date from 1961 yearbook. The 1965-66 Student Org directory lists ΗΣΥ as (recently) inactive.
311. ^Noted in the 1943 Student Organization directory. First registered by the University on 9 Feb 1935, according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
312. ^Noted in the 1941, then the 1943 Student Organization directories as (recently) inactive. 'Date approved' as a new student group 21 May 1936 according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
313. ^Noted in the 1943 Student Organization directory.
314. ^ΣΓΤ national websiteArchived 2007-05-26 at the Wayback Machine states that reactivation of Sigma Gamma Tau requires a faculty sponsor. Accessed 1 June 2014
315. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1959, p.333 notes late-night tapping ceremony by awaking inductees with chimes. Like Iron Wedge, honorees performed usher duties at President's receptions. The national organization has disbanded.
316. ^ΟΔΚ of Minnesota's unnamed Chapter #155 lost its charter due to inactivity, per ΟΔΚ national, and is welcome to reapply, accessed 22 May 2014
317. ^ΓΘΥ national website chapter list, accessed 20 June 2016, notes their Eta Rho chapter at Minnesota being founded on 25 April 1990, with its last initiation on 22 April 2005, for an assumed dormancy date in 2006.
318. ^The University of Minnesota Medical School website lists ΝΣΝ's Epsilon Chapter, accessed 21 Nov 2018. Address by 1914: 505 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1917: 429 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. In 1953, built 631 Oak Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, where they reside today.
319. ^ΔΣΔ's Theta Chapter website, accessed 21 May 2014. Address in 1914: 629 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926–50+: 525 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1959: 814 Essex Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55415, through present day.
320. ^ΨΩ Zeta Kappa Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. The Minnesota campus had previously hosted the Lambda Chapter of this fraternity, which was renamed at the time of recolonization. Address at least by 1926: 915 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1943: 1829 University Ave., Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1949: 901 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, where they reside today, razing and rebuilding on the same site in 1960.
321. ^ΦΡΣ's Theta Tau Chapter at Minnesota, accessed 22 May 2014. Address in 1914: 1813 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926: 629 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1927: 317 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, built by ΦΡΣ, and razed in the (late) 1960s (Zellie). Address in 1973: 632 Erie Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, built by ΦΡΣ. (also Zellie)
322. ^ΑΧΣ's Beta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
323. ^ΑΧΣ Beta Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. Address in 1914: 410 Harvard Street, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926 until at least 1975: 613 Oak Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 2014: 632 Ontario St. SE, Minneapolis, MN
324. ^ΦΔΧ's Theta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address in 1910: 1720 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1914: 1115 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1920: 704 15th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926: 701 15th Avenue SE (at this time they considered a plan to build a house, but apparently abandoned the effort, per Zellie p.A-59). Address by 1928: 323 11th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. Finally building a house, their address in 1960: 1024 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day.
325. ^ΘΤ's Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016.
326. ^ΘΤ Alpha Chapter website, accessed 19 May 2014. Address by 1914: 321 14th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1926: 406 11th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 19xx: 628 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (mid-century or an early house?). Address by 1940: 324 Walnut St., Minneapolis, MN. In 1957 ΘΤ built 515 10th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, where they reside through the present day.
327. ^ΔΘΦ's University of Minnesota Law School William Mitchell Senate, via the national website, accessed 21 Nov 2018. Address in 1913: 1011 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. There is another Senate (~chapter) at the University's law school called the Charles Loring Senate, founded in 1950, but the ΔΘΦ does not explain how they coordinate.
328. ^Forestry Club website, accessed 26 May 2014
329. ^ΦΔΚ's Eta Chapter at Minnesota was absorbed into the statewide 1612 Chapter in 2009, according to the local website, accessed 3 June 2014. Address in 1914: 505 15th Avenue SE.
330. ^ΑΡΧ's Mnesicles Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 10 Sept 2016. Address through 1925: 1529 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1926: 315 19th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN, which they had built at the entrance to a proposed 'Fraternity Court', to be situated where Williams Arena now stands (Zellie). In 1952 ΑΡΧ built their International Modernist-style house at 605 Ontario St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, which eventually (circa 2008?) was razed and re-developed by another party. ΑΡΧ is non-residential today.
331. ^ΑΡΧ Recolonization in the news, accessed 16 June 2014
332. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1927, p.453, shows Minnesota Chapter. In 1988, Sigma Delta Chi (ΣΔΧ) changed its name to the Society of Professional Journalists, according to a historical brief, from the website of DePauw University where it was founded, accessed 1 March 2016. The University of Minnesota chapter's website, accessed 1 March 2016.
333. ^ΚΕ's Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016
334. ^ΦΧ's Kappa Chi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 5 Oct 2018.
335. ^The University of Minnesota Medical School website lists ΦΧ's Kappa Chi Chapter on its website, accessed 21 Nov 2018. This chapter's predecessor group was the Delta Chapter of Phi Gamma Alpha Fraternity, active at Minnesota between 1897 - 1909. That chapter closed but its national merged into Phi Chi in 1948, bring ΦΓΑ alumni with it into Minnesota's then-established Phi Chi chapter. Address in 1926: 603 SE Delaware, Minneapolis, MN. In 1931, built 325 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day.
336. ^ΑΚΨ's Alpha Eta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
337. ^ΑΚΨ's Alpha Eta Chapter websiteArchived 2008-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 May 2014. The chapter had been known for organizing the Campus Carni festival each year. Address by 1914: 1214 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address prior to 1930: 406 14th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1930: 916 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1940: 1116 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through present day.
338. ^ΚΨ's Epsilon Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016. Address in 1943: 1320 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1959: 340 University Village, Minneapolis, MN. Perhaps this was an office, only. Used university offices for their address from this point on.
339. ^ΦΑΔ's Mitchell Chapter at the University of Minnesota (named after the jurist, not the law school in nearby St. Paul) as listed on the national website, accessed 23 May 2014
340. ^ΚΗΚ's Beta Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
341. ^ΚΗΚ's Beta Chapter website, accessed 20 May 2014. Address in 1926: 1807 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 531 Walnut Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1959: 901 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1968: 1100 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day. Note, this property's postal address was shifted, where it had formerly been listed as 330 11th Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN.
342. ^ΦΔΕ's Alpha Xi Chapter at the University of Minnesota, as listed on the national website, accessed 20 May 2014
343. ^ΦΔΕ's building was sold, and the proceeds for some time continued to fund scholarships for medical students. Archived 2014-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 23 May 2014. The Make a Gift website for Minnesota's general endowment campaign, 'Driven' states that it is no longer accepting donations for the Phi Delta Epsilon Jewish Medical Fraternity Fund, accessed 21 Nov 2018. This was originally a Jewish medical fraternity, but in the late 1960s opened membership to women, and to persons of any faith background. Address by 1945: 312 Harvard St., Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1959: 501 Ontario St. SE, Minneapolis, MN (now razed).
344. ^ΔΣΠ's Alpha Epsilon Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
345. ^ΔΣΠ's Alpha Epsilon Chapter website, accessed 21 Nov 2018
346. ^1928 address: 1405 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1940: 1029 4th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Non-residential by 1965.
347. ^ΓΕΓ's Minnesota Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016. This is possibly the group's only remaining chapter.
348. ^ΓΕΓ's Minnesota Chapter website, accessed 23 May 2014. Address in 1926: 1221 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1928: 410 11th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1942: 925 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, a home originally built for Earle Brown, then owned by John Martin. Address by 1945: 325 19th Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1959: 914 4th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address by 1965 or earlier: 1126 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through the present day. (This last is the former Xi Psi Phi house, per Zellie p.A-87)
349. ^ΣΑΙ's Sigma Sigma Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 22 May 2014
350. ^Company E-2, 2nd Regiment is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1959, p.368
351. ^ΣΔΕ's (or GWIS's) Xi Chapter at the University of Minnesota, accessed 23 May 2014
352. ^NBEA-DPiE website, accessed 20 May 2014
353. ^ΑΨ's Nu Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
354. ^ΑΨ's Nu Chapter website, accessed 20 May 2014. Address in 1959: 2111 Gordon, St. Paul, MN. Address in 1965: 2095 Scudder Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address by 1975: 2077 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN.
355. ^(one of) KAM's remaining group(s) at Mizzou, accessed 20 May 2014
356. ^ΔΘΣ's Delta Chapter website, accessed 21 May 2014
357. ^Address by 1959: 1862 Eustis, St. Paul, MN. Address by 1965: 1485 No. Cleveland Ave., St. Paul, MN.
358. ^ΠΣΕ's Psi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 20 May 2014
359. ^ΑΤΑ website, accessed 20 May 2014
360. ^ΦΣΠ's Zeta Kappa Chapter is listed on the national website, accessed 21 Nov 2018
361. ^The Beta Chapter of ΠΚΤ was short lived, at only 1 year old, when, following the founding chapter at Iowa the two groups merged into ΦΑΓ.
362. ^The Delta Chapter of ΦΑΓ closed with the closure of Minnesota's School Of Homeopathy. Eleven years later, in 1920, ΦΧ started a chapter at Minnesota independent of ΦΑΓ's earlier activity. The two nationals finally merged in 1948. The Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1899 shows Delta Chapter of ΦΑΓ on p.268
363. ^Cannon, Daniel H. (1989). The History of Phi Chi Medical Fraternity Inc. Centennial Edition 1889–1989. Phi Chi Quarterly Office.
364. ^ ^abcNote, ΩΥΦ merged nationally into ΦΒΠ in 1934. This likely included Minnesota's ΩΥΦ Sigma Chapter, dating from 1923. Also, ΦΒΠ's and the smaller national of ΘΚΨ merged in 1961. This was the Xi Chapter of ΦΒΠ. None of these survived at the University of Minnesota. ΦΒΠ's address in 1915 through at least 1945: 329 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Notes showed address in 1964 as: 624 Ontario St. SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1965: 634 Ontario St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, per the 1965-66 Student Org directory. However, Zellie shows this chapter building 632 Ontario in 1964, a building that survived as of 2003 (now home to ΑΧΣ). Check which is correct. May they have had two buildings?
365. ^ΩΥΦ's Sigma Chapter is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1911, as forming in 1908, p.416.
366. ^Address in 1926: 603 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN
367. ^This was the Kappa Phi Chapter of ΘΚΨ.
368. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1927, p.453, shows Minnesota Chapter. In 1988, ΣΔΧ changed its name to the Society of Professional Journalists, according to a historical brief, from the website of DePauw University where it was founded, accessed 1 March 2016.
369. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1922, p.474. This local group became the Beta Chapter of Alpha Alpha Gamma, which existed until at least 1964. Regarding the former, The local ΔΦ should not be confused with the national men's fraternity of the same name.
370. ^AWA surviving chapter's websiteArchived 2016-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 May 2014. Minnesota was the Beta Chapter of ΑΑΓ.
371. ^Historical note, showing that ΑΑΓ's Beta Chapter was preceded by a local society, Delta Phi, formed in 1920. The online summary of this record does not show whether this was a merger or renaming, but until someone checks the physical archive, it is safe to assume that it was a renaming, in 1922. Accessed 31 May 2014. The 1959 Student Organization directory notes this group as (recently) inactive.
372. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1931, p.304 shows the Minnesota Alpha Chapter of ΦΔΓ
373. ^Graduate Society of Human Resource Leaders website, noted as the only chapter of this organization, accessed 21 Sept 2016.
374. ^The Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1895 notes that ΠΣ was founded locally in 1894. p.166.
375. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.479 shows the Psi Chapter of ΑΚΚ. Evolved from a local chapter named the 'Alpha Rho Society,' which had petitioned for a ΑΚΚ charter in 1897, per ΑΚΚ history, accessed 29 June 2014. Address in 1926: 509 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, likely the same property purchased by the University in 1932: ID#25-029-024-14 - check?. Address in 1943: 1021 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1965: 621 Oak Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1980: 627 Ontario St. SE, Minneapolis, MN.
376. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.442 shows the Epsilon Chapter of ΥΑ.
377. ^An extensive archive is on file, noting the creation of the AEI Foundation as one of two successors to ΑΕΙ from the sale of its buildings. Accessed 25 May 2014. Address in 1967: 528 Ontario Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
378. ^ΑΖ's LaGrange Chapter at the University of Minnesota may be reactivated, if interested, per the national website, accessed 23 May 2014. Address in 1914: 2089 Carter Ave., St. Paul, MN. Address in 1967: 1505 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN.
379. ^ΞΨΦ's Phi Chapter was at Minnesota. National leadership is interested in restarting the group, which had existed for 94 years. Accessed 21 May 2014. Address in 1914: 1313 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Address during the 1920s: 1126 5th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, later occupied by Smith's Tea Room in the 1950s, and then by Gamma Eta Gamma law fraternity by the 1970s. Address in 1945: 3325 Stevens Ave., Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1959: 1004 7th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, through at least 1968.
380. ^Address in 1914: 1405 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN. Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.490 shows the Beta Chapter of ΣΡ, located at 412 Walnut St. SE, Minneapolis, MN. The Alpha Chapter at Michigan Tech is still active as of 2014.
381. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1917, p.378
382. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1919, p.160
383. ^ΓΑ's Michigan chapter notes that it is one of three or four surviving units, and the Minnesota Chapter isn't one of them, accessed 20 May 2014
384. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.496 shows the Beta Chapter of Cabletow.
385. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.441 shows the Beta Chapter of ΥΑ.
386. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1922, p.454
387. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.502 shows the Alpha Chapter of ΣΑΣ. University archives list papers available for the period 1920–87. Address in 1943: 1625 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN (Beta Theta Pi's home). Address in 1945: 1404 Logan Ave. No., Minneapolis, MN. May have been residential pre-WWII.
388. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.529, shows ΒΔΦ's Alpha Chapter
389. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.482 shows the Beta Chapter of ΠΔΝ.
390. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.437. Check if this is the same as ΑΚΓ (yearbook typo?).
391. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.480. Check if this is the same as ΑΓΓ (yearbook typo?). The 1961 yearbook says ΑΚΓ was founded in 1941, which is an error.
392. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.495 shows the Rho Chapter of ΑΩ. From at least WWII, ΑΩ was non-residential: a series of addresses seem to have been private homes. Address in 1943: 1310 E. 22nd Street, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1945: 2915 W. 43rd Street, Minneapolis, MN. Address in 1959: 2123 St. Claire, St. Paul, MN.
393. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1925, p.438
394. ^ΦΜΑ Alpha Mu Chapter #137 listed as inactive on the national websiteArchived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 23 May 2014
395. ^A cursory Google search records list mid-1900 financial dealings, but no local activity for ΦΒΓ at Minnesota, accessed 20 May 2014
396. ^The Alpha Chapter was noted in the 1928 Minnesota Gopher yearbook, p.478
397. ^A cursory Google search shows several local obits and national C.V. references to Scarab Honor society, but no current organizational activity, accessed 23 May 2014
398. ^ΤΦΔ's only remaining chapter at Penn State, their Alpha, mentions the Minnesota Beta Chapter on their website. Now an outdoors-interest general local fraternity.
399. ^Address in 1928: 2257 Langford Ave, St. Paul, MN. Address in 1940: 2145 Scudder Avenue, St. Paul, MN.
400. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1928, p.484
401. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1928, p.485
402. ^Minnesota's Trowel Chapter is listed in the 1928 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, p.454
403. ^ΑΤΔ's national website shows the unnamed Chapter at the University of Minnesota as inactive, accessed 23 May 2014
404. ^ΜΦΕ's national website reports a continuing alumni chapter in Minneapolis, which provides music scholarship support to the public schools and to local ΜΦΑ chapters. The fraternity encourages re-establishment. Website accessed 21 Nov 2018. Original founding 27 May 1927, per the 1941 Student Organization directory.
405. ^ΦΒ's unnamed Minnesota Chapter is noted as inactive on the national website, and requires faculty sponsorship to be restored. Accessed 20 May 2014
406. ^This 1975 Minnesota student organization directory, accessed 21 Sept 2016, notes 'Phi Beta Rho' as a professional sorority on campus. Might this be a typo, for the 'Rho chapter of Phi Beta'?
407. ^ΦΕΚ's national website omits Minnesota among its active chapters, indicating it has been dormant for some time, accessed 21 Nov 2018
408. ^ΖΦΗ's Pi Chapter at the University of Minnesota is available to be re-chartered, according to the national website, accessed 20 May 2014
409. ^Noted in the 1959 Student Organization directory as (recently) dormant, members of this fraternity were listed as early as the 1934 Minnesota Gopher yearbook. Address in 1943, a private home, was 3349 Girard Ave. So., Minneapolis, MN.
410. ^Noted in the 1959 and 1965-66 Student Organization Directories. A photo of the group from 1936 is in the Berman archives, accessed 23 Sept 2016.
411. ^ΦΔ's unnamed Chapter at Minnesota was noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1959, p.358
412. ^Anchor & Chain was noted in the 1961 Minnesota Gopher yearbook, p.342. 'Date approved' as a new student group 27 May 1940, per the 1941 Student Organization directory.
413. ^National website for NBS-AERho, accessed 21 Sept 2016, showing Minnesota as a chartering chapter of the national organization. ΑΕΡ is shown in the 1970 U of MN student organization directory.
414. ^Noted in the 1943, 1945, 1947, 1954 and 1956-57 Student Organization directories.
415. ^ΚΒΠ's Alpha Beta Chapter at Minnesota was noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1949, p.461. The 1959 Student Organization Directory notes ΚΒΠ as (recently) inactive.
416. ^Noted in the 1943 and 1947 Student Organization directory.
417. ^ΑΔΘ's Alpha Iota Chapter at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia appears to be the surviving chapter of this small sorority originally established at Minnesota and Marquette in 1944, accessed 20 May 2014. Not to be confused with the national social and academic sorority that was absorbed into Phi Mu.
418. ^ΑΜΣ's assumed Alpha Chapter was noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1965, p.134. A LinkedIn profile of a member, James Hamilton, showed him graduating in 1970, accessed 30 November 2014, and the 1965 and 1975 student directories listed the chapter. Non-residential.
419. ^Listed in the 1955 Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, and the 1965 and 1970 student organization directories.
420. ^ΣΑΗ's Alpha Omega Chapter was noted in the Minnesota Gopher yearbook for 1961.
421. ^The 1959 Student Organization Directory notes ΑΑΘ with an address at 329 Oak Street SE, Minneapolis, MN.
422. ^ΑΦΩ's Gamma Psi Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 May 2016, was founded 18 Apr 1942 according to the national website. However, the 1940 Student Organization directory notes a date of first approval as a student group on 19 Apr 1940. Which is correct? Note too, that Baird's Manual (20th ed.) has an apparent error, where it lists a 'Minnesota Alpha' chapter for ΑΦΩ as dating from 1902. Investigating, we see the Minnesota Alpha Chapter of ΑΤΩ was formed that year, and since no other versions of Baird's corroborate this item, it appears safe to assume this was a typing error of the Phi for a Tau in that list. [pVII-2]
423. ^Sigma Alpha Delta is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1918, p.361
424. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1918, p.356
425. ^ ^abNoted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.502
426. ^Pinafore is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1918, p.360
427. ^Skin and Bones is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1918, p.364
428. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1918, p.363.
429. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1918, p.354
430. ^ ^abSpecific class seemed to rotate, with the named society continuing with that class until graduation, freshmen to senior.
431. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1928, p.501
432. ^Sigma Tau is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1918, p.362
433. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1922, p.524. Specific class seemed to rotate, with the named society continuing with that class until graduation, freshmen to senior.
434. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1920, p.402. Specific class seemed to rotate, with the named society continuing with that class until graduation, freshmen to senior. Not to be confused with the social fraternity of the same name.
435. ^Noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1922, p.523. Specific class seemed to rotate, with the named society continuing with that class until graduation, freshmen to senior.
436. ^ΑΦΧ is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.281
437. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook 1949, p.434
438. ^ΓΣΣ website notes that Minnesota's Omicron Chapter is inactive. The local alumni chapter continues to be active. Accessed 20 May 2014
439. ^Student Staff Directory 1972–73
440. ^Hillel Minnesota's University of Minnesota portal], accessed 11 Sept 2016.
441. ^[http://www.ujews.com/ Hillel's website at Minnesota, accessed 27 June 2014. 'Date approved' as a new student group 20 Feb 1940, according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
442. ^ΚΠΑ's University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016. Address in 2013: 310 18th Avenue SE (this is the mailing address; living quarters at 315 16th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, above Bordertown Coffee, the former Theta Chi building)
443. ^ΚΠΑ members recount their efforts to purchase and renovate the building 'several' years after it was abandoned and after other redevelopment deals fell through, on their website, accessed 5 July 2016
444. ^ΚΛΕ's Alpha Chapter University of Minnesota portal, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
445. ^Why the U Needs A Jewish Sorority, article on TCJewFolk.com website, accessed 11 Sept 2016.
446. ^Address in 2016: 1521 University Ave. SE., Minneapolis, MN, at the Hillel building.
447. ^The Newman Club is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.323
448. ^ΚΦ's Delta Chapter is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1959, p.349. 'Date approved' as a new student group 15 Mar 1919, according to the 1941 Student Organization directory.
449. ^Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1926, p.548 notes the Wesley Foundation.
450. ^ΚΚΛ's Alpha Chapter is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.320. As of 2014, alumnae still meet and provide scholarships. 'Date approved' as a new student group 22 Oct 1921, per the 1941 Student Organization directory. Address in 1941: 1011 5th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN.
451. ^Noted in the 1943 Student Organization directory. 'Date approved' as a new student group 18 Nov, 1924, per the 1941 Student Organization directory.
452. ^ΦΧΔ's Gamma Chapter is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.321. First registered by the University, 22 Jan 1926, per the 1941 Student Organization directory.
453. ^First registered by the University, 19 Oct 1926, per the 1941 Student Organization directory.
454. ^ΓΔ is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.324. Luther House is at 316 10th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN (the former ΔΔΔ house). Per 1942 Student Directory, 'date approved' as a new student group 17 Jan 1935.
455. ^Noted in the 1943 Student Organization directory. 'Date approved' as a new student group 4 Feb 1937, according to the 1941 Student Organization directory. Successor to a campus group called Pro-Halutz.
456. ^The Canterbury Club is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1949, p.322. 'Date approved' as a new student group 6 Feb 1941, per the 1941 Student Organization directory.
457. ^ΔΚΦ is noted in the Minnesota Gopher Yearbook, 1959, p.352, and dates are from the 1961 yearbook.

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